# Vim documentation: if_pyth

main help file

    *if_pyth.txt*   For Vim version 8.2.  Last change: 2019 Dec 07

    		  VIM REFERENCE MANUAL    by Paul Moore

    The Python Interface to Vim				*python* *Python*

    1. Commands					|python-commands|
    2. The vim module				|python-vim|
    3. Buffer objects				|python-buffer|
    4. Range objects				|python-range|
    5. Window objects				|python-window|
    6. Tab page objects				|python-tabpage|
    7. vim.bindeval objects				|python-bindeval-objects|
    8. pyeval(), py3eval() Vim functions		|python-pyeval|
    9. Dynamic loading				|python-dynamic|
    10. Python 3					|python3|
    11. Python X					|python_x|
    12. Building with Python support		|python-building|

    The Python 2.x interface is available only when Vim was compiled with the
    |+python| feature.
    The Python 3 interface is available only when Vim was compiled with the
    |+python3| feature.
    Both can be available at the same time, but read |python-2-and-3|.

    ==============================================================================

    1. Commands						*python-commands*

    					*:python* *:py* *E263* *E264* *E887*
    :[range]py[thon] {stmt}
    			Execute Python statement {stmt}.  A simple check if
    			the `:python` command is working:
    				:python print "Hello"

    :[range]py[thon] << [endmarker]
    {script}
    {endmarker}
    			Execute Python script {script}.
    			Note: This command doesn't work when the Python
    			feature wasn't compiled in.  To avoid errors, see
    			|script-here|.

    The {endmarker} below the {script} must NOT be preceded by any white space.

    If [endmarker] is omitted from after the "<<", a dot '.' must be used after
    {script}, like for the |:append| and |:insert| commands.

    This form of the |:python| command is mainly useful for including python code
    in Vim scripts.

    Example:
    	function! IcecreamInitialize()
    	python << EOF
    	class StrawberryIcecream:
    		def __call__(self):
    			print 'EAT ME'
    	EOF
    	endfunction

    To see what version of Python you have:
    	:python print(sys.version)

    There is no need to import sys, it's done by default.

    Note: Python is very sensitive to the indenting.  Make sure the "class" line
    and "EOF" do not have any indent.

    							*:pydo*
    :[range]pydo {body}	Execute Python function "def _vim_pydo(line, linenr):
    			{body}" for each line in the [range], with the
    			function arguments being set to the text of each line
    			in turn, without a trailing <EOL>, and the current
    			line number. The function should return a string or
    			None. If a string is returned, it becomes the text of
    			the line in the current turn. The default for [range]
    			is the whole file: "1,$".

    Examples:

    	:pydo return "%s\t%d" % (line[::-1], len(line))
    	:pydo if line: return "%4d: %s" % (linenr, line)

    One can use `:pydo` in possible conjunction with `:py` to filter a range using
    python. For example:

    	:py3 << EOF
    	needle = vim.eval('@a')
    	replacement = vim.eval('@b')

    	def py_vim_string_replace(str):
    		return str.replace(needle, replacement)
    	EOF
    	:'<,'>py3do return py_vim_string_replace(line)

    							*:pyfile* *:pyf*
    :[range]pyf[ile] {file}
    			Execute the Python script in {file}.  The whole
    			argument is used as a single file name.

    Both of these commands do essentially the same thing - they execute a piece of
    Python code, with the "current range" |python-range| set to the given line
    range.

    In the case of :python, the code to execute is in the command-line.
    In the case of :pyfile, the code to execute is the contents of the given file.

    Python commands cannot be used in the |sandbox|.

    To pass arguments you need to set sys.argv[] explicitly.  Example:

    	:python sys.argv = ["foo", "bar"]
    	:pyfile myscript.py

    Here are some examples					*python-examples*

    	:python from vim import *
    	:python from string import upper
    	:python current.line = upper(current.line)
    	:python print "Hello"
    	:python str = current.buffer[42]

    (Note that changes - like the imports - persist from one command to the next,
    just like in the Python interpreter.)

    ==============================================================================

    2. The vim module					*python-vim*

    Python code gets all of its access to vim (with one exception - see
    |python-output| below) via the "vim" module.  The vim module implements two
    methods, three constants, and one error object.  You need to import the vim
    module before using it:
    	:python import vim

    Overview
    	:py print "Hello"		# displays a message
    	:py vim.command(cmd)		# execute an Ex command
    	:py w = vim.windows[n]		# gets window "n"
    	:py cw = vim.current.window	# gets the current window
    	:py b = vim.buffers[n]		# gets buffer "n"
    	:py cb = vim.current.buffer	# gets the current buffer
    	:py w.height = lines		# sets the window height
    	:py w.cursor = (row, col)	# sets the window cursor position
    	:py pos = w.cursor		# gets a tuple (row, col)
    	:py name = b.name		# gets the buffer file name
    	:py line = b[n]			# gets a line from the buffer
    	:py lines = b[n:m]		# gets a list of lines
    	:py num = len(b)		# gets the number of lines
    	:py b[n] = str			# sets a line in the buffer
    	:py b[n:m] = [str1, str2, str3]	# sets a number of lines at once
    	:py del b[n]			# deletes a line
    	:py del b[n:m]			# deletes a number of lines

    Methods of the "vim" module

    vim.command(str)					*python-command*
    	Executes the vim (ex-mode) command str.  Returns None.
    	Examples:
    	    :py vim.command("set tw=72")
    	    :py vim.command("%s/aaa/bbb/g")
     	The following definition executes Normal mode commands:
    		def normal(str):
    			vim.command("normal "+str)
    		# Note the use of single quotes to delimit a string containing
    		# double quotes
    		normal('"a2dd"aP')

     								*E659*
    	The ":python" command cannot be used recursively with Python 2.2 and
    	older.  This only works with Python 2.3 and later:
    	    :py vim.command("python print 'Hello again Python'")

    vim.eval(str)						*python-eval*
    	Evaluates the expression str using the vim internal expression
    	evaluator (see |expression|).  Returns the expression result as:
    	- a string if the Vim expression evaluates to a string or number
    	- a list if the Vim expression evaluates to a Vim list
    	- a dictionary if the Vim expression evaluates to a Vim dictionary
    	Dictionaries and lists are recursively expanded.
    	Examples:
    	    :" value of the 'textwidth' option
    	    :py text_width = vim.eval("&tw")
    	    :
    	    :" contents of the 'a' register
    	    :py a_reg = vim.eval("@a")
    	    :
    	    :" Result is a string! Use string.atoi() to convert to a number.
    	    :py str = vim.eval("12+12")
    	    :
    	    :py tagList = vim.eval('taglist("eval_expr")')
     	The latter will return a python list of python dicts, for instance:
    	[{'cmd': '/^eval_expr(arg, nextcmd)$/', 'static': 0, 'name':
    	'eval_expr', 'kind': 'f', 'filename': './src/eval.c'}]

    vim.bindeval(str)					*python-bindeval*
    	Like |python-eval|, but returns special objects described in
    	|python-bindeval-objects|. These python objects let you modify (|List|
    	or |Dictionary|) or call (|Funcref|) vim objects.

    vim.strwidth(str)					*python-strwidth*
    	Like |strwidth()|: returns number of display cells str occupies, tab
    	is counted as one cell.

    vim.foreach_rtp(callable)				*python-foreach_rtp*
    	Call the given callable for each path in 'runtimepath' until either
    	callable returns something but None, the exception is raised or there
    	are no longer paths. If stopped in case callable returned non-None,
    	vim.foreach_rtp function returns the value returned by callable.

    vim.chdir(*args, **kwargs)				*python-chdir*
    vim.fchdir(*args, **kwargs)				*python-fchdir*
    	Run os.chdir or os.fchdir, then all appropriate vim stuff.
    	Note: you should not use these functions directly, use os.chdir and
    	      os.fchdir instead. Behavior of vim.fchdir is undefined in case
    	      os.fchdir does not exist.

    Error object of the "vim" module

    vim.error						*python-error*
    	Upon encountering a Vim error, Python raises an exception of type
    	vim.error.
    	Example:
    		try:
    			vim.command("put a")
    		except vim.error:
    			# nothing in register a

    Constants of the "vim" module

    	Note that these are not actually constants - you could reassign them.
    	But this is silly, as you would then lose access to the vim objects
    	to which the variables referred.

    vim.buffers						*python-buffers*
    	A mapping object providing access to the list of vim buffers.  The
    	object supports the following operations:
    	    :py b = vim.buffers[i]	# Indexing (read-only)
    	    :py b in vim.buffers	# Membership test
    	    :py n = len(vim.buffers)	# Number of elements
    	    :py for b in vim.buffers:	# Iterating over buffer list

    vim.windows						*python-windows*
    	A sequence object providing access to the list of vim windows.  The
    	object supports the following operations:
    	    :py w = vim.windows[i]	# Indexing (read-only)
    	    :py w in vim.windows	# Membership test
    	    :py n = len(vim.windows)	# Number of elements
    	    :py for w in vim.windows:	# Sequential access
     	Note: vim.windows object always accesses current tab page.
    	|python-tabpage|.windows objects are bound to parent |python-tabpage|
    	object and always use windows from that tab page (or throw vim.error
    	in case tab page was deleted). You can keep a reference to both
    	without keeping a reference to vim module object or |python-tabpage|,
    	they will not lose their properties in this case.

    vim.tabpages						*python-tabpages*
    	A sequence object providing access to the list of vim tab pages. The
    	object supports the following operations:
    	    :py t = vim.tabpages[i]	# Indexing (read-only)
    	    :py t in vim.tabpages	# Membership test
    	    :py n = len(vim.tabpages)	# Number of elements
    	    :py for t in vim.tabpages:	# Sequential access

    vim.current						*python-current*
    	An object providing access (via specific attributes) to various
    	"current" objects available in vim:
    		vim.current.line	The current line (RW)		String
    		vim.current.buffer	The current buffer (RW)		Buffer
    		vim.current.window	The current window (RW)		Window
    		vim.current.tabpage	The current tab page (RW)	TabPage
    		vim.current.range	The current line range (RO)	Range

    	The last case deserves a little explanation.  When the :python or
    	:pyfile command specifies a range, this range of lines becomes the
    	"current range".  A range is a bit like a buffer, but with all access
    	restricted to a subset of lines.  See |python-range| for more details.

    	Note: When assigning to vim.current.{buffer,window,tabpage} it expects
    	valid |python-buffer|, |python-window| or |python-tabpage| objects
    	respectively. Assigning triggers normal (with |autocommand|s)
    	switching to given buffer, window or tab page. It is the only way to
    	switch UI objects in python: you can't assign to
    	|python-tabpage|.window attribute. To switch without triggering
    	autocommands use
    	    py << EOF
    	    saved_eventignore = vim.options['eventignore']
    	    vim.options['eventignore'] = 'all'
    	    try:
    	        vim.current.buffer = vim.buffers[2] # Switch to buffer 2
    	    finally:
    	        vim.options['eventignore'] = saved_eventignore
    	    EOF

    vim.vars						*python-vars*

    vim.vvars						*python-vvars*
    	Dictionary-like objects holding dictionaries with global (|g:|) and
    	vim (|v:|) variables respectively. Identical to `vim.bindeval("g:")`,
    	but faster.

    vim.options						*python-options*
    	Object partly supporting mapping protocol (supports setting and
    	getting items) providing a read-write access to global options.
    	Note: unlike |:set| this provides access only to global options. You
    	cannot use this object to obtain or set local options' values or
    	access local-only options in any fashion. Raises KeyError if no global
    	option with such name exists (i.e. does not raise KeyError for
    	|global-local| options and global only options, but does for window-
    	and buffer-local ones).  Use |python-buffer| objects to access to
    	buffer-local options and |python-window| objects to access to
    	window-local options.

    	Type of this object is available via "Options" attribute of vim
    	module.

    Output from Python					*python-output*
    	Vim displays all Python code output in the Vim message area.  Normal
    	output appears as information messages, and error output appears as
    	error messages.

    	In implementation terms, this means that all output to sys.stdout
    	(including the output from print statements) appears as information
    	messages, and all output to sys.stderr (including error tracebacks)
    	appears as error messages.

    							*python-input*
    	Input (via sys.stdin, including input() and raw_input()) is not
    	supported, and may cause the program to crash.  This should probably be
    	fixed.

    		    *python2-directory* *python3-directory* *pythonx-directory*

    Python 'runtimepath' handling				*python-special-path*

    In python vim.VIM_SPECIAL_PATH special directory is used as a replacement for
    the list of paths found in 'runtimepath': with this directory in sys.path and
    vim.path_hooks in sys.path_hooks python will try to load module from
    {rtp}/python2 (or python3) and {rtp}/pythonx (for both python versions) for
    each {rtp} found in 'runtimepath'.

    Implementation is similar to the following, but written in C:

        from imp import find_module, load_module
        import vim
        import sys

        class VimModuleLoader(object):
            def __init__(self, module):
                self.module = module

            def load_module(self, fullname, path=None):
                return self.module

        def _find_module(fullname, oldtail, path):
            idx = oldtail.find('.')
            if idx > 0:
                name = oldtail[:idx]
                tail = oldtail[idx+1:]
                fmr = find_module(name, path)
                module = load_module(fullname[:-len(oldtail)] + name, *fmr)
                return _find_module(fullname, tail, module.__path__)
            else:
                fmr = find_module(fullname, path)
                return load_module(fullname, *fmr)

        # It uses vim module itself in place of VimPathFinder class: it does not
        # matter for python which object has find_module function attached to as
        # an attribute.
        class VimPathFinder(object):
            @classmethod
            def find_module(cls, fullname, path=None):
                try:
                    return VimModuleLoader(_find_module(fullname, fullname, path or vim._get_paths()))
                except ImportError:
                    return None

            @classmethod
            def load_module(cls, fullname, path=None):
                return _find_module(fullname, fullname, path or vim._get_paths())

        def hook(path):
            if path == vim.VIM_SPECIAL_PATH:
                return VimPathFinder
            else:
                raise ImportError

        sys.path_hooks.append(hook)

    vim.VIM_SPECIAL_PATH					*python-VIM_SPECIAL_PATH*
    	String constant used in conjunction with vim path hook. If path hook
    	installed by vim is requested to handle anything but path equal to
    	vim.VIM_SPECIAL_PATH constant it raises ImportError. In the only other
    	case it uses special loader.

    	Note: you must not use value of this constant directly, always use
    	      vim.VIM_SPECIAL_PATH object.

    vim.find_module(...)					*python-find_module*

    vim.path_hook(path)					*python-path_hook*
    	Methods or objects used to implement path loading as described above.
    	You should not be using any of these directly except for vim.path_hook
    	in case you need to do something with sys.meta_path. It is not
    	guaranteed that any of the objects will exist in the future vim
    	versions.

    vim._get_paths						*python-_get_paths*
    	Methods returning a list of paths which will be searched for by path
    	hook. You should not rely on this method being present in future
    	versions, but can use it for debugging.

    	It returns a list of {rtp}/python2 (or {rtp}/python3) and
    	{rtp}/pythonx directories for each {rtp} in 'runtimepath'.

    ==============================================================================

    3. Buffer objects					*python-buffer*

    Buffer objects represent vim buffers.  You can obtain them in a number of ways:
    	- via vim.current.buffer (|python-current|)
    	- from indexing vim.buffers (|python-buffers|)
    	- from the "buffer" attribute of a window (|python-window|)

    Buffer objects have two read-only attributes - name - the full file name for
    the buffer, and number - the buffer number.  They also have three methods
    (append, mark, and range; see below).

    You can also treat buffer objects as sequence objects.  In this context, they
    act as if they were lists (yes, they are mutable) of strings, with each
    element being a line of the buffer.  All of the usual sequence operations,
    including indexing, index assignment, slicing and slice assignment, work as
    you would expect.  Note that the result of indexing (slicing) a buffer is a
    string (list of strings).  This has one unusual consequence - b[:] is different
    from b.  In particular, "b[:] = None" deletes the whole of the buffer, whereas
    "b = None" merely updates the variable b, with no effect on the buffer.

    Buffer indexes start at zero, as is normal in Python.  This differs from vim
    line numbers, which start from 1.  This is particularly relevant when dealing
    with marks (see below) which use vim line numbers.

    The buffer object attributes are:
    	b.vars		Dictionary-like object used to access
    			|buffer-variable|s.
    	b.options	Mapping object (supports item getting, setting and
    			deleting) that provides access to buffer-local options
    			and buffer-local values of |global-local| options. Use
    			|python-window|.options if option is window-local,
    			this object will raise KeyError. If option is
    			|global-local| and local value is missing getting it
    			will return None.
    	b.name		String, RW. Contains buffer name (full path).
    			Note: when assigning to b.name |BufFilePre| and
    			|BufFilePost| autocommands are launched.
    	b.number	Buffer number. Can be used as |python-buffers| key.
    			Read-only.
    	b.valid		True or False. Buffer object becomes invalid when
    			corresponding buffer is wiped out.

    The buffer object methods are:
    	b.append(str)	Append a line to the buffer
    	b.append(str, nr)  Idem, below line "nr"
    	b.append(list)	Append a list of lines to the buffer
    			Note that the option of supplying a list of strings to
    			the append method differs from the equivalent method
    			for Python's built-in list objects.
    	b.append(list, nr)  Idem, below line "nr"
    	b.mark(name)	Return a tuple (row,col) representing the position
    			of the named mark (can also get the []"<> marks)
    	b.range(s,e)	Return a range object (see |python-range|) which
    			represents the part of the given buffer between line
    			numbers s and e |inclusive|.

    Note that when adding a line it must not contain a line break character '\n'.
    A trailing '\n' is allowed and ignored, so that you can do:
    	:py b.append(f.readlines())

    Buffer object type is available using "Buffer" attribute of vim module.

    Examples (assume b is the current buffer)
    	:py print b.name		# write the buffer file name
    	:py b[0] = "hello!!!"		# replace the top line
    	:py b[:] = None			# delete the whole buffer
    	:py del b[:]			# delete the whole buffer
    	:py b[0:0] = [ "a line" ]	# add a line at the top
    	:py del b[2]			# delete a line (the third)
    	:py b.append("bottom")		# add a line at the bottom
    	:py n = len(b)			# number of lines
    	:py (row,col) = b.mark('a')	# named mark
    	:py r = b.range(1,5)		# a sub-range of the buffer
    	:py b.vars["foo"] = "bar"	# assign b:foo variable
    	:py b.options["ff"] = "dos"	# set fileformat
    	:py del b.options["ar"]		# same as :set autoread<

    ==============================================================================

    4. Range objects					*python-range*

    Range objects represent a part of a vim buffer.  You can obtain them in a
    number of ways:
    	- via vim.current.range (|python-current|)
    	- from a buffer's range() method (|python-buffer|)

    A range object is almost identical in operation to a buffer object.  However,
    all operations are restricted to the lines within the range (this line range
    can, of course, change as a result of slice assignments, line deletions, or
    the range.append() method).

    The range object attributes are:
    	r.start		Index of first line into the buffer
    	r.end		Index of last line into the buffer

    The range object methods are:
    	r.append(str)	Append a line to the range
    	r.append(str, nr)  Idem, after line "nr"
    	r.append(list)	Append a list of lines to the range
    			Note that the option of supplying a list of strings to
    			the append method differs from the equivalent method
    			for Python's built-in list objects.
    	r.append(list, nr)  Idem, after line "nr"

    Range object type is available using "Range" attribute of vim module.

    Example (assume r is the current range):
    	# Send all lines in a range to the default printer
    	vim.command("%d,%dhardcopy!" % (r.start+1,r.end+1))

    ==============================================================================

    5. Window objects					*python-window*

    Window objects represent vim windows.  You can obtain them in a number of ways:
    	- via vim.current.window (|python-current|)
    	- from indexing vim.windows (|python-windows|)
    	- from indexing "windows" attribute of a tab page (|python-tabpage|)
    	- from the "window" attribute of a tab page (|python-tabpage|)

    You can manipulate window objects only through their attributes.  They have no
    methods, and no sequence or other interface.

    Window attributes are:
    	buffer (read-only)	The buffer displayed in this window
    	cursor (read-write)	The current cursor position in the window
    				This is a tuple, (row,col).
    	height (read-write)	The window height, in rows
    	width (read-write)	The window width, in columns
    	vars (read-only)	The window |w:| variables. Attribute is
    				unassignable, but you can change window
    				variables this way
    	options (read-only)	The window-local options. Attribute is
    				unassignable, but you can change window
    				options this way. Provides access only to
    				window-local options, for buffer-local use
    				|python-buffer| and for global ones use
    				|python-options|. If option is |global-local|
    				and local value is missing getting it will
    				return None.
    	number (read-only)	Window number.  The first window has number 1.
    				This is zero in case it cannot be determined
    				(e.g. when the window object belongs to other
    				tab page).
    	row, col (read-only)	On-screen window position in display cells.
    				First position is zero.
    	tabpage (read-only)	Window tab page.
    	valid (read-write)	True or False. Window object becomes invalid
    				when corresponding window is closed.

    The height attribute is writable only if the screen is split horizontally.
    The width attribute is writable only if the screen is split vertically.

    Window object type is available using "Window" attribute of vim module.

    ==============================================================================

    6. Tab page objects					*python-tabpage*

    Tab page objects represent vim tab pages. You can obtain them in a number of
    ways:
    	- via vim.current.tabpage (|python-current|)
    	- from indexing vim.tabpages (|python-tabpages|)

    You can use this object to access tab page windows. They have no methods and
    no sequence or other interfaces.

    Tab page attributes are:
    	number		The tab page number like the one returned by
    			|tabpagenr()|.
    	windows		Like |python-windows|, but for current tab page.
    	vars		The tab page |t:| variables.
    	window		Current tabpage window.
    	valid		True or False. Tab page object becomes invalid when
    			corresponding tab page is closed.

    TabPage object type is available using "TabPage" attribute of vim module.

    ==============================================================================

    7. vim.bindeval objects				*python-bindeval-objects*

    vim.Dictionary object				*python-Dictionary*
        Dictionary-like object providing access to vim |Dictionary| type.
        Attributes:
            Attribute  Description

            locked     One of                       *python-.locked*
                        Value           Description
                        zero            Variable is not locked
                        vim.VAR_LOCKED  Variable is locked, but can be unlocked
                        vim.VAR_FIXED   Variable is locked and can't be unlocked
                       Read-write. You can unlock locked variable by assigning
                       `True` or `False` to this attribute. No recursive locking
                       is supported.
            scope      One of
                        Value              Description
                        zero               Dictionary is not a scope one
                        vim.VAR_DEF_SCOPE  |g:| or |l:| dictionary
                        vim.VAR_SCOPE      Other scope dictionary,
                                           see |internal-variables|
        Methods (note: methods do not support keyword arguments):
            Method      Description
            keys()      Returns a list with dictionary keys.
            values()    Returns a list with dictionary values.
            items()     Returns a list of 2-tuples with dictionary contents.
            update(iterable), update(dictionary), update(**kwargs)
                        Adds keys to dictionary.
            get(key[, default=None])
                        Obtain key from dictionary, returning the default if it is
                        not present.
            pop(key[, default])
                        Remove specified key from dictionary and return
                        corresponding value. If key is not found and default is
                        given returns the default, otherwise raises KeyError.
            popitem()
                        Remove random key from dictionary and return (key, value)
                        pair.
            has_key(key)
                        Check whether dictionary contains specified key, similar
                        to `key in dict`.

            __new__(), __new__(iterable), __new__(dictionary), __new__(update)
                        You can use `vim.Dictionary()` to create new vim
                        dictionaries. `d=vim.Dictionary(arg)` is the same as
                        `d=vim.bindeval('{}');d.update(arg)`. Without arguments
                        constructs empty dictionary.

        Examples:
            d = vim.Dictionary(food="bar")		# Constructor
            d['a'] = 'b'				# Item assignment
            print d['a']				# getting item
            d.update({'c': 'd'})			# .update(dictionary)
            d.update(e='f')				# .update(**kwargs)
            d.update((('g', 'h'), ('i', 'j')))	# .update(iterable)
            for key in d.keys():			# .keys()
            for val in d.values():			# .values()
            for key, val in d.items():		# .items()
            print isinstance(d, vim.Dictionary)	# True
            for key in d:				# Iteration over keys
            class Dict(vim.Dictionary):		# Subclassing

        Note: when iterating over keys you should not modify dictionary.

    vim.List object					*python-List*
        Sequence-like object providing access to vim |List| type.
        Supports `.locked` attribute, see |python-.locked|. Also supports the
        following methods:
            Method          Description
            extend(item)    Add items to the list.

            __new__(), __new__(iterable)
                            You can use `vim.List()` to create new vim lists.
                            `l=vim.List(iterable)` is the same as
                            `l=vim.bindeval('[]');l.extend(iterable)`. Without
                            arguments constructs empty list.
        Examples:
            l = vim.List("abc")		# Constructor, result: ['a', 'b', 'c']
            l.extend(['abc', 'def'])	# .extend() method
            print l[1:]			# slicing
            l[:0] = ['ghi', 'jkl']		# slice assignment
            print l[0]			# getting item
            l[0] = 'mno'			# assignment
            for i in l:			# iteration
            print isinstance(l, vim.List)	# True
            class List(vim.List):		# Subclassing

    vim.Function object				*python-Function*
        Function-like object, acting like vim |Funcref| object. Accepts special
        keyword argument `self`, see |Dictionary-function|. You can also use
        `vim.Function(name)` constructor, it is the same as
        `vim.bindeval('function(%s)'%json.dumps(name))`.

        Attributes (read-only):
            Attribute    Description
            name         Function name.
            args         `None` or a |python-List| object with arguments.  Note
                         that this is a copy of the arguments list, constructed
                         each time you request this attribute. Modifications made
                         to the list will be ignored (but not to the containers
                         inside argument list: this is like |copy()| and not
                         |deepcopy()|).
            self         `None` or a |python-Dictionary| object with self
                         dictionary. Note that explicit `self` keyword used when
                         calling resulting object overrides this attribute.
            auto_rebind  Boolean. True if partial created from this Python object
                         and stored in the Vim script dictionary should be
                         automatically rebound to the dictionary it is stored in
                         when this dictionary is indexed. Exposes Vim internal
                         difference between `dict.func` (auto_rebind=True) and
                         `function(dict.func,dict)` (auto_rebind=False). This
                         attribute makes no sense if `self` attribute is `None`.

        Constructor additionally accepts `args`, `self` and `auto_rebind`
        keywords.  If `args` and/or `self` argument is given then it constructs
        a partial, see |function()|.  `auto_rebind` is only used when `self`
        argument is given, otherwise it is assumed to be `True` regardless of
        whether it was given or not.  If `self` is given then it defaults to
        `False`.

        Examples:
            f = vim.Function('tr')			# Constructor
            print f('abc', 'a', 'b')		# Calls tr('abc', 'a', 'b')
            vim.command('''
                function DictFun() dict
                    return self
                endfunction
            ''')
            f = vim.bindeval('function("DictFun")')
            print f(self={})			# Like call('DictFun', [], {})
            print isinstance(f, vim.Function)	# True

            p = vim.Function('DictFun', self={})
            print f()
            p = vim.Function('tr', args=['abc', 'a'])
            print f('b')

    ==============================================================================

    8. pyeval() and py3eval() Vim functions			*python-pyeval*

    To facilitate bi-directional interface, you can use |pyeval()| and |py3eval()|
    functions to evaluate Python expressions and pass their values to Vim script.
    |pyxeval()| is also available.

    The Python value "None" is converted to v:none.

    ==============================================================================

    9. Dynamic loading					*python-dynamic*

    On MS-Windows and Unix the Python library can be loaded dynamically.  The
    |:version| output then includes |+python/dyn| or |+python3/dyn|.

    This means that Vim will search for the Python DLL or shared library file only
    when needed.  When you don't use the Python interface you don't need it, thus
    you can use Vim without this file.

    MS-Windows

    To use the Python interface the Python DLL must be in your search path.  In a
    console window type "path" to see what directories are used.  The 'pythondll'
    or 'pythonthreedll' option can be also used to specify the Python DLL.

    The name of the DLL should match the Python version Vim was compiled with.
    Currently the name for Python 2 is "python27.dll", that is for Python 2.7.
    That is the default value for 'pythondll'.  For Python 3 it is python36.dll
    (Python 3.6).  To know for sure edit "gvim.exe" and search for
    "python\d*.dll\c".

    Unix

    The 'pythondll' or 'pythonthreedll' option can be used to specify the Python
    shared library file instead of DYNAMIC_PYTHON_DLL or DYNAMIC_PYTHON3_DLL file
    what were specified at compile time.  The version of the shared library must
    match the Python 2.x or Python 3 version Vim was compiled with.

    ==============================================================================

    10. Python 3						*python3*

    							*:py3* *:python3*
    :[range]py3 {stmt}
    :[range]py3 << [endmarker]
    {script}
    {endmarker}

    :[range]python3 {stmt}
    :[range]python3 << [endmarker]
    {script}
    {endmarker}
    	The `:py3` and `:python3` commands work similar to `:python`.  A
    	simple check if the `:py3` command is working:
    		:py3 print("Hello")

    	To see what version of Python you have:
    		:py3 import sys
    		:py3 print(sys.version)

     							*:py3file*
    :[range]py3f[ile] {file}
    	The `:py3file` command works similar to `:pyfile`.

    							*:py3do*
    :[range]py3do {body}
    	The `:py3do` command works similar to `:pydo`.

    Vim can be built in four ways (:version output):
    1. No Python support	    (-python, -python3)
    2. Python 2 support only    (+python or +python/dyn, -python3)
    3. Python 3 support only    (-python, +python3 or +python3/dyn)
    4. Python 2 and 3 support   (+python/dyn, +python3/dyn)

    Some more details on the special case 4:  *python-2-and-3*

    When Python 2 and Python 3 are both supported they must be loaded dynamically.

    When doing this on Linux/Unix systems and importing global symbols, this leads
    to a crash when the second Python version is used.  So either global symbols
    are loaded but only one Python version is activated, or no global symbols are
    loaded. The latter makes Python's "import" fail on libraries that expect the
    symbols to be provided by Vim.

    							*E836* *E837*
    Vim's configuration script makes a guess for all libraries based on one
    standard Python library (termios).  If importing this library succeeds for
    both Python versions, then both will be made available in Vim at the same
    time.  If not, only the version first used in a session will be enabled.
    When trying to use the other one you will get the E836 or E837 error message.

    Here Vim's behavior depends on the system in which it was configured.  In a
    system where both versions of Python were configured with --enable-shared,
    both versions of Python will be activated at the same time.  There will still
    be problems with other third party libraries that were not linked to
    libPython.

    To work around such problems there are these options:
    1. The problematic library is recompiled to link to the according
       libpython.so.
    2. Vim is recompiled for only one Python version.
    3. You undefine PY_NO_RTLD_GLOBAL in auto/config.h after configuration.  This
       may crash Vim though.

    							*E880*
    Raising SystemExit exception in python isn't endorsed way to quit vim, use:
    	:py vim.command("qall!")

    							*has-python*
    You can test what Python version is available with:
    	if has('python')
    	  echo 'there is Python 2.x'
    	endif
      	if has('python3')
    	  echo 'there is Python 3.x'
    	endif

    Note however, that when Python 2 and 3 are both available and loaded
    dynamically, these has() calls will try to load them.  If only one can be
    loaded at a time, just checking if Python 2 or 3 are available will prevent
    the other one from being available.

    To avoid loading the dynamic library, only check if Vim was compiled with
    python support:
    	if has('python_compiled')
    	  echo 'compiled with Python 2.x support'
    	  if has('python_dynamic')
    	    echo 'Python 2.x dynamically loaded'
    	  endif
    	endif
      	if has('python3_compiled')
    	  echo 'compiled with Python 3.x support'
    	  if has('python3_dynamic')
    	    echo 'Python 3.x dynamically loaded'
    	  endif
    	endif

    This also tells you whether Python is dynamically loaded, which will fail if
    the runtime library cannot be found.

    ==============================================================================

    11. Python X						*python_x* *pythonx*

    Because most python code can be written so that it works with python 2.6+ and
    python 3 the pyx* functions and commands have been written.  They work exactly
    the same as the Python 2 and 3 variants, but select the Python version using
    the 'pyxversion' setting.

    You should set 'pyxversion' in your |.vimrc| to prefer Python 2 or Python 3
    for Python commands. If you change this setting at runtime you may risk that
    state of plugins (such as initialization) may be lost.

    If you want to use a module, you can put it in the {rtp}/pythonx directory.
    See |pythonx-directory|.

    							*:pyx* *:pythonx*
    The `:pyx` and `:pythonx` commands work similar to `:python`.  A simple check
    if the `:pyx` command is working:
    	:pyx print("Hello")

    To see what version of Python is being used:
    	:pyx import sys
    	:pyx print(sys.version)

    					*:pyxfile* *python_x-special-comments*
    The `:pyxfile` command works similar to `:pyfile`.  However you can add one of
    these comments to force Vim using `:pyfile` or `:py3file`:
      #!/any string/python2		" Shebang. Must be the first line of the file.
      #!/any string/python3		" Shebang. Must be the first line of the file.
      # requires python 2.x		" Maximum lines depend on 'modelines'.
      # requires python 3.x		" Maximum lines depend on 'modelines'.
    Unlike normal modelines, the bottom of the file is not checked.
    If none of them are found, the 'pyxversion' setting is used.

    							*W20* *W21*
    If Vim does not support the selected Python version a silent message will be
    printed.  Use `:messages` to read them.

    							*:pyxdo*
    The `:pyxdo` command works similar to `:pydo`.

    							*has-pythonx*
    You can test if pyx* commands are available with:
    	if has('pythonx')
    	  echo 'pyx* commands are available. (Python ' . &pyx . ')'
    	endif

    When compiled with only one of |+python| or |+python3|, the has() returns 1.
    When compiled with both |+python| and |+python3|, the test depends on the
    'pyxversion' setting.  If 'pyxversion' is 0, it tests Python 3 first, and if
    it is not available then Python 2.  If 'pyxversion' is 2 or 3, it tests only
    Python 2 or 3 respectively.

    Note that for `has('pythonx')` to work it may try to dynamically load Python 3
    or 2.  This may have side effects, especially when Vim can only load one of
    the two.

    If a user prefers Python 2 and want to fallback to Python 3, he needs to set
    'pyxversion' explicitly in his |.vimrc|.  E.g.:
    	if has('python')
    	  set pyx=2
    	elseif has('python3')
    	  set pyx=3
    	endif

    ==============================================================================

    12. Building with Python support			*python-building*

    A few hints for building with Python 2 or 3 support.

    UNIX

    See src/Makefile for how to enable including the Python interface.

    On Ubuntu you will want to install these packages for Python 2:
    	python
    	python-dev
    For Python 3:
    	python3
    	python3-dev
    For Python 3.6:
    	python3.6
    	python3.6-dev

    If you have more than one version of Python 3, you need to link python3 to the
    one you prefer, before running configure.

    ==============================================================================
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