# Vim documentation: change

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    *change.txt*    For Vim version 8.0.  Last change: 2016 Sep 11

    		  VIM REFERENCE MANUAL    by Bram Moolenaar

    This file describes commands that delete or change text.  In this context,
    changing text means deleting the text and replacing it with other text using
    one command.  You can undo all of these commands.  You can repeat the non-Ex
    commands with the "." command.

    1. Deleting text		|deleting|
    2. Delete and insert		|delete-insert|

    3. Simple changes		|simple-change|		*changing*
    4. Complex changes		|complex-change|
       4.1 Filter commands		   |filter|
       4.2 Substitute		   |:substitute|
       4.3 Search and replace	   |search-replace|
       4.4 Changing tabs		   |change-tabs|
    5. Copying and moving text	|copy-move|
    6. Formatting text		|formatting|
    7. Sorting text			|sorting|

    For inserting text see |insert.txt|.

    ==============================================================================

    1. Deleting text					*deleting* *E470*

    ["x]<Del>	or					*<Del>* *x* *dl*
    ["x]x			Delete [count] characters under and after the cursor
    			[into register x] (not |linewise|).  Does the same as
    			"dl".
    			The <Del> key does not take a [count].  Instead, it
    			deletes the last character of the count.
    			See |:fixdel| if the <Del> key does not do what you
    			want.  See |'whichwrap'| for deleting a line break
    			(join lines).  {Vi does not support <Del>}

    							*X* *dh*
    ["x]X			Delete [count] characters before the cursor [into
    			register x] (not |linewise|).  Does the same as "dh".
    			Also see |'whichwrap'|.

    							*d*
    ["x]d{motion}		Delete text that {motion} moves over [into register
    			x].  See below for exceptions.

    							*dd*
    ["x]dd			Delete [count] lines [into register x] |linewise|.

    							*D*
    ["x]D			Delete the characters under the cursor until the end
    			of the line and [count]-1 more lines [into register
    			x]; synonym for "d$".
    			(not |linewise|)
    			When the '#' flag is in 'cpoptions' the count is
    			ignored.

    {Visual}["x]x	or					*v_x* *v_d* *v_<Del>*
    {Visual}["x]d   or
    {Visual}["x]<Del>	Delete the highlighted text [into register x] (for
    			{Visual} see |Visual-mode|).  {not in Vi}

    {Visual}["x]CTRL-H   or					*v_CTRL-H* *v_<BS>*
    {Visual}["x]<BS>	When in Select mode: Delete the highlighted text [into
    			register x].

    {Visual}["x]X	or					*v_X* *v_D* *v_b_D*
    {Visual}["x]D		Delete the highlighted lines [into register x] (for
    			{Visual} see |Visual-mode|).  In Visual block mode,
    			"D" deletes the highlighted text plus all text until
    			the end of the line.  {not in Vi}

    					*:d* *:de* *:del* *:delete* *:dl* *:dp*
    :[range]d[elete] [x]	Delete [range] lines (default: current line) [into
    			register x].
    			Note these weird abbreviations:
    			   :dl		delete and list
    			   :dell	idem
    			   :delel	idem
    			   :deletl	idem
    			   :deletel	idem
    			   :dp		delete and print
    			   :dep		idem
    			   :delp	idem
    			   :delep	idem
    			   :deletp	idem
    			   :deletep	idem

    :[range]d[elete] [x] {count}
    			Delete {count} lines, starting with [range]
    			(default: current line |cmdline-ranges|) [into
    			register x].

    These commands delete text.  You can repeat them with the `.` command
    (except `:d`) and undo them.  Use Visual mode to delete blocks of text.  See
    |registers| for an explanation of registers.

    An exception for the d{motion} command: If the motion is not linewise, the
    start and end of the motion are not in the same line, and there are only
    blanks before the start and there are no non-blanks after the end of the
    motion, the delete becomes linewise.  This means that the delete also removes
    the line of blanks that you might expect to remain. Use the |o_v| operator to
    force the motion to be characterwise.

    Trying to delete an empty region of text (e.g., "d0" in the first column)
    is an error when 'cpoptions' includes the 'E' flag.

    							*J*
    J			Join [count] lines, with a minimum of two lines.
    			Remove the indent and insert up to two spaces (see
    			below).  Fails when on the last line of the buffer.
    			If [count] is too big it is reduce to the number of
    			lines available.

    							*v_J*
    {Visual}J		Join the highlighted lines, with a minimum of two
    			lines.  Remove the indent and insert up to two spaces
    			(see below).  {not in Vi}

    							*gJ*
    gJ			Join [count] lines, with a minimum of two lines.
    			Don't insert or remove any spaces.  {not in Vi}

    							*v_gJ*
    {Visual}gJ		Join the highlighted lines, with a minimum of two
    			lines.  Don't insert or remove any spaces.  {not in
    			Vi}

    							*:j* *:join*
    :[range]j[oin][!] [flags]
    			Join [range] lines.  Same as "J", except with [!]
    			the join does not insert or delete any spaces.
    			If a [range] has equal start and end values, this
    			command does nothing.  The default behavior is to
    			join the current line with the line below it.
    			{not in Vi: !}
    			See |ex-flags| for [flags].

    :[range]j[oin][!] {count} [flags]
    			Join {count} lines, starting with [range] (default:
    			current line |cmdline-ranges|).  Same as "J", except
    			with [!] the join does not insert or delete any
    			spaces.
    			{not in Vi: !}
    			See |ex-flags| for [flags].

    These commands delete the <EOL> between lines.  This has the effect of joining
    multiple lines into one line.  You can repeat these commands (except `:j`) and
    undo them.

    These commands, except "gJ", insert one space in place of the <EOL> unless
    there is trailing white space or the next line starts with a ')'.  These
    commands, except "gJ", delete any leading white space on the next line.  If
    the 'joinspaces' option is on, these commands insert two spaces after a '.',
    '!' or '?' (but if 'cpoptions' includes the 'j' flag, they insert two spaces
    only after a '.').
    The 'B' and 'M' flags in 'formatoptions' change the behavior for inserting
    spaces before and after a multi-byte character |fo-table|.

    The '[ mark is set at the end of the first line that was joined, '] at the end
    of the resulting line.

    ==============================================================================

    2. Delete and insert				*delete-insert* *replacing*

    							*R*
    R			Enter Replace mode: Each character you type replaces
    			an existing character, starting with the character
    			under the cursor.  Repeat the entered text [count]-1
    			times.  See |Replace-mode| for more details.

    							*gR*
    gR			Enter Virtual Replace mode: Each character you type
    			replaces existing characters in screen space.  So a
    			<Tab> may replace several characters at once.
    			Repeat the entered text [count]-1 times.  See
    			|Virtual-Replace-mode| for more details.
    			{not available when compiled without the |+vreplace|
    			feature}

    							*c*
    ["x]c{motion}		Delete {motion} text [into register x] and start
    			insert.  When  'cpoptions' includes the 'E' flag and
    			there is no text to delete (e.g., with "cTx" when the
    			cursor is just after an 'x'), an error occurs and
    			insert mode does not start (this is Vi compatible).
    			When  'cpoptions' does not include the 'E' flag, the
    			"c" command always starts insert mode, even if there
    			is no text to delete.

    							*cc*
    ["x]cc			Delete [count] lines [into register x] and start
    			insert |linewise|.  If 'autoindent' is on, preserve
    			the indent of the first line.

    							*C*
    ["x]C			Delete from the cursor position to the end of the
    			line and [count]-1 more lines [into register x], and
    			start insert.  Synonym for c$ (not |linewise|).

    							*s*
    ["x]s			Delete [count] characters [into register x] and start
    			insert (s stands for Substitute).  Synonym for "cl"
    			(not |linewise|).

    							*S*
    ["x]S			Delete [count] lines [into register x] and start
    			insert.  Synonym for "cc" |linewise|.

    {Visual}["x]c	or					*v_c* *v_s*
    {Visual}["x]s		Delete the highlighted text [into register x] and
    			start insert (for {Visual} see |Visual-mode|).  {not
    			in Vi}

    							*v_r*
    {Visual}["x]r{char}	Replace all selected characters by {char}.

    							*v_C*
    {Visual}["x]C		Delete the highlighted lines [into register x] and
    			start insert.  In Visual block mode it works
    			differently |v_b_C|.  {not in Vi}

    							*v_S*
    {Visual}["x]S		Delete the highlighted lines [into register x] and
    			start insert (for {Visual} see |Visual-mode|).  {not
    			in Vi}

    							*v_R*
    {Visual}["x]R		Currently just like {Visual}["x]S.  In a next version
    			it might work differently. {not in Vi}

    Notes:
    - You can end Insert and Replace mode with <Esc>.
    - See the section "Insert and Replace mode" |mode-ins-repl| for the other
      special characters in these modes.
    - The effect of [count] takes place after Vim exits Insert or Replace mode.
    - When the 'cpoptions' option contains '$' and the change is within one line,
      Vim continues to show the text to be deleted and puts a '$' at the last
      deleted character.

    See |registers| for an explanation of registers.

    Replace mode is just like Insert mode, except that every character you enter
    deletes one character.  If you reach the end of a line, Vim appends any
    further characters (just like Insert mode).  In Replace mode, the backspace
    key restores the original text (if there was any).  (See section "Insert and
    Replace mode" |mode-ins-repl|).

    						*cw* *cW*
    Special case: When the cursor is in a word, "cw" and "cW" do not include the
    white space after a word, they only change up to the end of the word.  This is
    because Vim interprets "cw" as change-word, and a word does not include the
    following white space.
    {Vi: "cw" when on a blank followed by other blanks changes only the first
    blank; this is probably a bug, because "dw" deletes all the blanks; use the
    'w' flag in 'cpoptions' to make it work like Vi anyway}

    If you prefer "cw" to include the space after a word, use this mapping:
    	:map cw dwi
    Or use "caw" (see |aw|).

    							*:c* *:ch* *:change*
    :{range}c[hange][!]	Replace lines of text with some different text.
    			Type a line containing only "." to stop replacing.
    			Without {range}, this command changes only the current
    			line.
    			Adding [!] toggles 'autoindent' for the time this
    			command is executed.

    ==============================================================================

    3. Simple changes					*simple-change*

    							*r*
    r{char}			Replace the character under the cursor with {char}.
    			If {char} is a <CR> or <NL>, a line break replaces the
    			character.  To replace with a real <CR>, use CTRL-V
    			<CR>.  CTRL-V <NL> replaces with a <Nul>.
    			{Vi: CTRL-V <CR> still replaces with a line break,
    			cannot replace something with a <CR>}

    			If {char} is CTRL-E or CTRL-Y the character from the
    			line below or above is used, just like with |i_CTRL-E|
    			and |i_CTRL-Y|.  This also works with a count, thus
    			`10r<C-E>` copies 10 characters from the line below.

    			If you give a [count], Vim replaces [count] characters
    			with [count] {char}s.  When {char} is a <CR> or <NL>,
    			however, Vim inserts only one <CR>: "5r<CR>" replaces
    			five characters with a single line break.
    			When {char} is a <CR> or <NL>, Vim performs
    			autoindenting.  This works just like deleting the
    			characters that are replaced and then doing
    			"i<CR><Esc>".
    			{char} can be entered as a digraph |digraph-arg|.
    			|:lmap| mappings apply to {char}.  The CTRL-^ command
    			in Insert mode can be used to switch this on/off
    			|i_CTRL-^|.  See |utf-8-char-arg| about using
    			composing characters when 'encoding' is Unicode.

    							*gr*
    gr{char}		Replace the virtual characters under the cursor with
    			{char}.  This replaces in screen space, not file
    			space.  See |gR| and |Virtual-Replace-mode| for more
    			details.  As with |r| a count may be given.
    			{char} can be entered like with |r|.
    			{not available when compiled without the |+vreplace|
    			feature}

    						*digraph-arg*
    The argument for Normal mode commands like |r| and |t| is a single character.
    When 'cpo' doesn't contain the 'D' flag, this character can also be entered
    like |digraphs|.  First type CTRL-K and then the two digraph characters.
    {not available when compiled without the |+digraphs| feature}

    						*case*
    The following commands change the case of letters.  The currently active
    |locale| is used.  See |:language|.  The LC_CTYPE value matters here.

    							*~*
    ~			'notildeop' option: Switch case of the character
    			under the cursor and move the cursor to the right.
    			If a [count] is given, do that many characters. {Vi:
    			no count}

    ~{motion}		'tildeop' option: switch case of {motion} text. {Vi:
    			tilde cannot be used as an operator}

    							*g~*
    g~{motion}		Switch case of {motion} text. {not in Vi}

    g~g~							*g~g~* *g~~*
    g~~			Switch case of current line. {not in Vi}.

    							*v_~*
    {Visual}~		Switch case of highlighted text (for {Visual} see
    			|Visual-mode|). {not in Vi}

    							*v_U*
    {Visual}U		Make highlighted text uppercase (for {Visual} see
    			|Visual-mode|). {not in Vi}

    							*gU* *uppercase*
    gU{motion}		Make {motion} text uppercase. {not in Vi}
    			Example:
    				:map! <C-F> <Esc>gUiw`]a
     			This works in Insert mode: press CTRL-F to make the
    			word before the cursor uppercase.  Handy to type
    			words in lowercase and then make them uppercase.

    gUgU							*gUgU* *gUU*
    gUU			Make current line uppercase. {not in Vi}.

    							*v_u*
    {Visual}u		Make highlighted text lowercase (for {Visual} see
    			|Visual-mode|).  {not in Vi}

    							*gu* *lowercase*
    gu{motion}		Make {motion} text lowercase. {not in Vi}

    gugu							*gugu* *guu*
    guu			Make current line lowercase. {not in Vi}.

    							*g?* *rot13*
    g?{motion}		Rot13 encode {motion} text. {not in Vi}

    							*v_g?*
    {Visual}g?		Rot13 encode the highlighted text (for {Visual} see
    			|Visual-mode|).  {not in Vi}

    g?g?							*g?g?* *g??*
    g??			Rot13 encode current line. {not in Vi}.

    To turn one line into title caps, make every first letter of a word
    uppercase:
    	:s/\v<(.)(\w*)/\u\1\L\2/g

    Adding and subtracting

    							*CTRL-A*
    CTRL-A			Add [count] to the number or alphabetic character at
    			or after the cursor.  {not in Vi}

    							*v_CTRL-A*
    {Visual}CTRL-A		Add [count] to the number or alphabetic character in
    			the highlighted text.  {not in Vi}

    							*v_g_CTRL-A*
    {Visual}g CTRL-A	Add [count] to the number or alphabetic character in
    			the highlighted text. If several lines are
    		        highlighted, each one will be incremented by an
    			additional [count] (so effectively creating a
    			[count] incrementing sequence).  {not in Vi}
    			For Example, if you have this list of numbers:
    				1.
    				1.
    				1.
    				1.
    			Move to the second "1." and Visually select three
    			lines, pressing g CTRL-A results in:
    				1.
    				2.
    				3.
    				4.

    							*CTRL-X*
    CTRL-X			Subtract [count] from the number or alphabetic
    			character at or after the cursor.  {not in Vi}

    							*v_CTRL-X*
    {Visual}CTRL-X		Subtract [count] from the number or alphabetic
    			character in the highlighted text.  {not in Vi}

    			On MS-Windows, this is mapped to cut Visual text
    			|dos-standard-mappings|.  If you want to disable the
    			mapping, use this:
    				silent! vunmap <C-X>

    							*v_g_CTRL-X*
    {Visual}g CTRL-X	Subtract [count] from the number or alphabetic
    			character in the highlighted text. If several lines
    			are highlighted, each value will be decremented by an
    			additional [count] (so effectively creating a [count]
    			decrementing sequence).  {not in Vi}

    The CTRL-A and CTRL-X commands can work for:
    - signed and unsigned decimal numbers
    - unsigned binary, octal and hexadecimal numbers
    - alphabetic characters

    This depends on the 'nrformats' option:
    - When 'nrformats' includes "bin", Vim assumes numbers starting with '0b' or
      '0B' are binary.
    - When 'nrformats' includes "octal", Vim considers numbers starting with a '0'
      to be octal, unless the number includes a '8' or '9'.  Other numbers are
      decimal and may have a preceding minus sign.
      If the cursor is on a number, the commands apply to that number; otherwise
      Vim uses the number to the right of the cursor.
    - When 'nrformats' includes "hex", Vim assumes numbers starting with '0x' or
      '0X' are hexadecimal.  The case of the rightmost letter in the number
      determines the case of the resulting hexadecimal number.  If there is no
      letter in the current number, Vim uses the previously detected case.
    - When 'nrformats' includes "alpha", Vim will change the alphabetic character
      under or after the cursor.  This is useful to make lists with an alphabetic
      index.

    For decimals a leading negative sign is considered for incrementing/
    decrementing, for binary, octal and hex values, it won't be considered.  To
    ignore the sign Visually select the number before using CTRL-A or CTRL-X.

    For numbers with leading zeros (including all octal and hexadecimal numbers),
    Vim preserves the number of characters in the number when possible.  CTRL-A on
    "0077" results in "0100", CTRL-X on "0x100" results in "0x0ff".
    There is one exception: When a number that starts with a zero is found not to
    be octal (it contains a '8' or '9'), but 'nrformats' does include "octal",
    leading zeros are removed to avoid that the result may be recognized as an
    octal number.

    Note that when 'nrformats' includes "octal", decimal numbers with leading
    zeros cause mistakes, because they can be confused with octal numbers.

    Note similarly, when 'nrformats' includes "bin", binary numbers with a leading
    '0x' or '0X' can be interpreted as hexadecimal rather than binary since '0b'
    are valid hexadecimal digits.

    The CTRL-A command is very useful in a macro.  Example: Use the following
    steps to make a numbered list.

    1. Create the first list entry, make sure it starts with a number.
    2. qa	     - start recording into register 'a'
    3. Y	     - yank the entry
    4. p	     - put a copy of the entry below the first one
    5. CTRL-A    - increment the number
    6. q	     - stop recording
    7. <count>@a - repeat the yank, put and increment <count> times

    SHIFTING LINES LEFT OR RIGHT				*shift-left-right*

    							*<*
    <{motion}		Shift {motion} lines one 'shiftwidth' leftwards.

    							*<<*
    <<			Shift [count] lines one 'shiftwidth' leftwards.

    							*v_<*
    {Visual}[count]<	Shift the highlighted lines [count] 'shiftwidth'
    			leftwards (for {Visual} see |Visual-mode|).  {not in
    			Vi}

    							*>*
     >{motion}		Shift {motion} lines one 'shiftwidth' rightwards.

    							*>>*
     >>			Shift [count] lines one 'shiftwidth' rightwards.

    							*v_>*
    {Visual}[count]>	Shift the highlighted lines [count] 'shiftwidth'
    			rightwards (for {Visual} see |Visual-mode|).  {not in
    			Vi}

    							*:<*
    :[range]<		Shift [range] lines one 'shiftwidth' left.  Repeat '<'
    			for shifting multiple 'shiftwidth's.

    :[range]< {count}	Shift {count} lines one 'shiftwidth' left, starting
    			with [range] (default current line |cmdline-ranges|).
    			Repeat '<' for shifting multiple 'shiftwidth's.

    :[range]le[ft] [indent]	left align lines in [range].  Sets the indent in the
    			lines to [indent] (default 0).  {not in Vi}

    							*:>*
    :[range]> [flags]	Shift {count} [range] lines one 'shiftwidth' right.
    			Repeat '>' for shifting multiple 'shiftwidth's.
    			See |ex-flags| for [flags].

    :[range]> {count} [flags]
    			Shift {count} lines one 'shiftwidth' right, starting
    			with [range] (default current line |cmdline-ranges|).
    			Repeat '>' for shifting multiple 'shiftwidth's.
    			See |ex-flags| for [flags].

    The ">" and "<" commands are handy for changing the indentation within
    programs.  Use the 'shiftwidth' option to set the size of the white space
    which these commands insert or delete.  Normally the 'shiftwidth' option is 8,
    but you can set it to, say, 3 to make smaller indents.  The shift leftwards
    stops when there is no indent.  The shift right does not affect empty lines.

    If the 'shiftround' option is on, the indent is rounded to a multiple of
    'shiftwidth'.

    If the 'smartindent' option is on, or 'cindent' is on and 'cinkeys' contains
    '#' with a zero value, shift right does not affect lines starting with '#'
    (these are supposed to be C preprocessor lines that must stay in column 1).

    When the 'expandtab' option is off (this is the default) Vim uses <Tab>s as
    much as possible to make the indent.  You can use ">><<" to replace an indent
    made out of spaces with the same indent made out of <Tab>s (and a few spaces
    if necessary).  If the 'expandtab' option is on, Vim uses only spaces.  Then
    you can use ">><<" to replace <Tab>s in the indent by spaces (or use
    `:retab!`).

    To move a line several 'shiftwidth's, use Visual mode or the `:` commands.
    For example:
    	Vjj4>		move three lines 4 indents to the right
    	:<<<		move current line 3 indents to the left
    	:>> 5		move 5 lines 2 indents to the right
    	:5>>		move line 5 2 indents to the right

    ==============================================================================

    4. Complex changes					*complex-change*

    4.1 Filter commands					*filter*

    A filter is a program that accepts text at standard input, changes it in some
    way, and sends it to standard output.  You can use the commands below to send
    some text through a filter, so that it is replaced by the filter output.
    Examples of filters are "sort", which sorts lines alphabetically, and
    "indent", which formats C program files (you need a version of indent that
    works like a filter; not all versions do).  The 'shell' option specifies the
    shell Vim uses to execute the filter command (See also the 'shelltype'
    option).  You can repeat filter commands with ".".  Vim does not recognize a
    comment (starting with '"'') after the `:!` command.

    							*!*
    !{motion}{filter}	Filter {motion} text lines through the external
    			program {filter}.

    							*!!*
    !!{filter}		Filter [count] lines through the external program
    			{filter}.

    							*v_!*
    {Visual}!{filter}	Filter the highlighted lines through the external
    			program {filter} (for {Visual} see |Visual-mode|).
    			{not in Vi}

    :{range}![!]{filter} [!][arg]				*:range!*
    			Filter {range} lines through the external program
    			{filter}.  Vim replaces the optional bangs with the
    			latest given command and appends the optional [arg].
    			Vim saves the output of the filter command in a
    			temporary file and then reads the file into the buffer
    			|tempfile|.  Vim uses the 'shellredir' option to
    			redirect the filter output to the temporary file.
    			However, if the 'shelltemp' option is off then pipes
    			are used when possible (on Unix).
    			When the 'R' flag is included in 'cpoptions' marks in
    			the filtered lines are deleted, unless the
    			|:keepmarks| command is used.  Example:
    				:keepmarks '<,'>!sort
     			When the number of lines after filtering is less than
    			before, marks in the missing lines are deleted anyway.

    							*=*
    ={motion}		Filter {motion} lines through the external program
    			given with the 'equalprg' option.  When the 'equalprg'
    			option is empty (this is the default), use the
    			internal formatting function |C-indenting| and
    			|'lisp'|.  But when 'indentexpr' is not empty, it will
    			be used instead |indent-expression|.  When Vim was
    			compiled without internal formatting then the "indent"
    			program is used as a last resort.

    							*==*
    ==			Filter [count] lines like with ={motion}.

    							*v_=*
    {Visual}=		Filter the highlighted lines like with ={motion}.
    			{not in Vi}

    						*tempfile* *setuid*
    Vim uses temporary files for filtering, generating diffs and also for
    tempname().  For Unix, the file will be in a private directory (only
    accessible by the current user) to avoid security problems (e.g., a symlink
    attack or other people reading your file).  When Vim exits the directory and
    all files in it are deleted.  When Vim has the setuid bit set this may cause
    problems, the temp file is owned by the setuid user but the filter command
    probably runs as the original user.
    On MS-DOS and OS/2 the first of these directories that works is used: $TMP,
    $TEMP, c:\TMP, c:\TEMP.
    For Unix the list of directories is: $TMPDIR, /tmp, current-dir, $HOME.
    For MS-Windows the GetTempFileName() system function is used.
    For other systems the tmpnam() library function is used.

    4.2 Substitute						*:substitute*

    							*:s* *:su*
    :[range]s[ubstitute]/{pattern}/{string}/[flags] [count]
    			For each line in [range] replace a match of {pattern}
    			with {string}.
    			For the {pattern} see |pattern|.
    			{string} can be a literal string, or something
    			special; see |sub-replace-special|.
    			When [range] and [count] are omitted, replace in the
    			current line only.
    			When [count] is given, replace in [count] lines,
    			starting with the last line in [range].  When [range]
    			is omitted start in the current line.
    			Also see |cmdline-ranges|.
    			See |:s_flags| for [flags].

    :[range]s[ubstitute] [flags] [count]

    :[range]&[&][flags] [count]					*:&*
    			Repeat last :substitute with same search pattern and
    			substitute string, but without the same flags.  You
    			may add [flags], see |:s_flags|.
    			Note that after `:substitute` the '&' flag can't be
    			used, it's recognized as a pattern separator.
    			The space between `:substitute` and the 'c', 'g',
    			'i', 'I' and 'r' flags isn't required, but in scripts
    			it's a good idea to keep it to avoid confusion.

    :[range]~[&][flags] [count]					*:~*
    			Repeat last substitute with same substitute string
    			but with last used search pattern.  This is like
    			`:&r`.  See |:s_flags| for [flags].

    								*&*
    &			Synonym for `:s` (repeat last substitute).  Note
    			that the flags are not remembered, thus it might
    			actually work differently.  You can use `:&&` to keep
    			the flags.

    								*g&*
    g&			Synonym for `:%s//~/&` (repeat last substitute with
    			last search pattern on all lines with the same flags).
    			For example, when you first do a substitution with
    			`:s/pattern/repl/flags` and then `/search` for
    			something else, `g&` will do `:%s/search/repl/flags`.
    			Mnemonic: global substitute. {not in Vi}

    						*:snomagic* *:sno*
    :[range]sno[magic] ...	Same as `:substitute`, but always use 'nomagic'.
    			{not in Vi}

    						*:smagic* *:sm*
    :[range]sm[agic] ...	Same as `:substitute`, but always use 'magic'.
    			{not in Vi}

    							*:s_flags*
    The flags that you can use for the substitute commands:

    [&]	Must be the first one: Keep the flags from the previous substitute
    	command.  Examples:
    		:&&
    		:s/this/that/&
     	Note that `:s` and `:&` don't keep the flags.
    	{not in Vi}

    [c]	Confirm each substitution.  Vim highlights the matching string (with

    	|hl-IncSearch|).  You can type:				*:s_c*
    	    'y'	    to substitute this match
    	    'l'	    to substitute this match and then quit ("last")
    	    'n'	    to skip this match
    	    <Esc>   to quit substituting
    	    'a'	    to substitute this and all remaining matches {not in Vi}
    	    'q'	    to quit substituting {not in Vi}
    	    CTRL-E  to scroll the screen up {not in Vi, not available when
    			compiled without the |+insert_expand| feature}
    	    CTRL-Y  to scroll the screen down {not in Vi, not available when
    			compiled without the |+insert_expand| feature}
    	If the 'edcompatible' option is on, Vim remembers the [c] flag and
    	toggles it each time you use it, but resets it when you give a new
    	search pattern.
    	{not in Vi: highlighting of the match, other responses than 'y' or 'n'}

    [e]     When the search pattern fails, do not issue an error message and, in
    	particular, continue in maps as if no error occurred.  This is most
    	useful to prevent the "No match" error from breaking a mapping.  Vim
    	does not suppress the following error messages, however:
    		Regular expressions can't be delimited by letters
    		\ should be followed by /, ? or &
    		No previous substitute regular expression
    		Trailing characters
    		Interrupted
    	{not in Vi}

    [g]	Replace all occurrences in the line.  Without this argument,
    	replacement occurs only for the first occurrence in each line.  If
    	the 'edcompatible' option is on, Vim remembers this flag and toggles
    	it each time you use it, but resets it when you give a new search
    	pattern.  If the 'gdefault' option is on, this flag is on by default
    	and the [g] argument switches it off.

    [i]	Ignore case for the pattern.  The 'ignorecase' and 'smartcase' options
    	are not used.
    	{not in Vi}

    [I]	Don't ignore case for the pattern.  The 'ignorecase' and 'smartcase'
    	options are not used.
    	{not in Vi}

    [n]	Report the number of matches, do not actually substitute.  The [c]
    	flag is ignored.  The matches are reported as if 'report' is zero.
    	Useful to |count-items|.
    	If \= |sub-replace-expression| is used, the expression will be
    	evaluated in the |sandbox| at every match.

    [p]	Print the line containing the last substitute.

    [#]	Like [p] and prepend the line number.

    [l]	Like [p] but print the text like |:list|.

    [r]	Only useful in combination with `:&` or `:s` without arguments.  `:&r`
    	works the same way as `:~`:  When the search pattern is empty, use the
    	previously used search pattern instead of the search pattern from the
    	last substitute or `:global`.  If the last command that did a search
    	was a substitute or `:global`, there is no effect.  If the last
    	command was a search command such as "/", use the pattern from that
    	command.
    	For `:s` with an argument this already happens:
    		:s/blue/red/
    		/green
    		:s//red/   or  :~   or  :&r
     	The last commands will replace "green" with "red".
    		:s/blue/red/
    		/green
    		:&
     	The last command will replace "blue" with "red".
    	{not in Vi}

    Note that there is no flag to change the "magicness" of the pattern.  A
    different command is used instead, or you can use |/\v| and friends.  The
    reason is that the flags can only be found by skipping the pattern, and in
    order to skip the pattern the "magicness" must be known.  Catch 22!

    If the {pattern} for the substitute command is empty, the command uses the
    pattern from the last substitute or `:global` command.  If there is none, but
    there is a previous search pattern, that one is used.  With the [r] flag, the
    command uses the pattern from the last substitute, `:global`, or search
    command.

    If the {string} is omitted the substitute is done as if it's empty.  Thus the
    matched pattern is deleted.  The separator after {pattern} can also be left
    out then.  Example:
    	:%s/TESTING
    This deletes "TESTING" from all lines, but only one per line.

    For compatibility with Vi these two exceptions are allowed:
    "\/{string}/" and "\?{string}?" do the same as "//{string}/r".
    "\&{string}&" does the same as "//{string}/".

    							*E146*
    Instead of the '/' which surrounds the pattern and replacement string, you
    can use any other single-byte character, but not an alphanumeric character,
    '\', '"'' or '|'.  This is useful if you want to include a '/' in the search
    pattern or replacement string.  Example:
    	:s+/+//+

    For the definition of a pattern, see |pattern|.  In Visual block mode, use
    |/\%V| in the pattern to have the substitute work in the block only.
    Otherwise it works on whole lines anyway.

    					*sub-replace-special* *:s\=*
    When the {string} starts with "\=" it is evaluated as an expression, see
    |sub-replace-expression|.  You can use that for complex replacement or special
    characters.

    Otherwise these characters in {string} have a special meaning:

    								*:s%*
    When {string} is equal to "%" and '/' is included with the 'cpoptions' option,
    then the {string} of the previous substitute command is used, see |cpo-/|

    magic	nomagic	  action

      &	  \&	  replaced with the whole matched pattern	     *s/\&*
     \&	   &	  replaced with &

          \0	  replaced with the whole matched pattern	   *\0* *s/\0*
          \1	  replaced with the matched pattern in the first

    		  pair of ()					     *s/\1*
          \2	  replaced with the matched pattern in the second

    		  pair of ()					     *s/\2*

          ..	  ..						     *s/\3*
          \9	  replaced with the matched pattern in the ninth

    		  pair of ()					     *s/\9*
      ~	  \~	  replaced with the {string} of the previous

    		  substitute					     *s~*

     \~	   ~	  replaced with ~				     *s/\~*

          \u	  next character made uppercase			     *s/\u*

          \U	  following characters made uppercase, until \E      *s/\U*

          \l	  next character made lowercase			     *s/\l*

          \L	  following characters made lowercase, until \E      *s/\L*

          \e	  end of \u, \U, \l and \L (NOTE: not <Esc>!)	     *s/\e*

          \E	  end of \u, \U, \l and \L			     *s/\E*
          <CR>	  split line in two at this point

    		  (Type the <CR> as CTRL-V <Enter>)		     *s<CR>*

          \r	  idem						     *s/\r*
          \<CR>	  insert a carriage-return (CTRL-M)

    		  (Type the <CR> as CTRL-V <Enter>)		     *s/\<CR>*
          \n	  insert a <NL> (<NUL> in the file)

    		  (does NOT break the line)			     *s/\n*

          \b	  insert a <BS>					     *s/\b*

          \t	  insert a <Tab>				     *s/\t*

          \\	  insert a single backslash			     *s/\\*
          \x	  where x is any character not mentioned above:
    		  Reserved for future expansion

    The special meaning is also used inside the third argument {sub} of
    the |substitute()| function with the following exceptions:
      - A % inserts a percent literally without regard to 'cpoptions'.
      - magic is always set without regard to 'magic'.
      - A ~ inserts a tilde literally.
      - <CR> and \r inserts a carriage-return (CTRL-M).
      - \<CR> does not have a special meaning. it's just one of \x.

    Examples:
      :s/a\|b/xxx\0xxx/g		 modifies "a b"	     to "xxxaxxx xxxbxxx"
      :s/\([abc]\)\([efg]\)/\2\1/g	 modifies "af fa bg" to "fa fa gb"
      :s/abcde/abc^Mde/		 modifies "abcde"    to "abc", "de" (two lines)
      :s/$/\^M/			 modifies "abcde"    to "abcde^M"
      :s/\w\+/\u\0/g		 modifies "bla bla"  to "Bla Bla"
      :s/\w\+/\L\u\0/g		 modifies "BLA bla"  to "Bla Bla"

    Note: "\L\u" can be used to capitalize the first letter of a word.  This is
    not compatible with Vi and older versions of Vim, where the "\u" would cancel
    out the "\L". Same for "\U\l".

    Note: In previous versions CTRL-V was handled in a special way.  Since this is
    not Vi compatible, this was removed.  Use a backslash instead.

    command		text	result
    :s/aa/a^Ma/	aa	a<line-break>a
    :s/aa/a\^Ma/	aa	a^Ma
    :s/aa/a\\^Ma/	aa	a\<line-break>a

    (you need to type CTRL-V <CR> to get a ^M here)

    The numbering of "\1", "\2" etc. is done based on which "\(" comes first in
    the pattern (going left to right).  When a parentheses group matches several
    times, the last one will be used for "\1", "\2", etc.  Example:
      :s/\(\(a[a-d] \)*\)/\2/      modifies "aa ab x" to "ab x"
    The "\2" is for "\(a[a-d] \)".  At first it matches "aa ", secondly "ab ".

    When using parentheses in combination with '|', like in \([ab]\)\|\([cd]\),
    either the first or second pattern in parentheses did not match, so either
    \1 or \2 is empty.  Example:
      :s/\([ab]\)\|\([cd]\)/\1x/g   modifies "a b c d"  to "ax bx x x"

    		*:sc* *:sce* *:scg* *:sci* *:scI* *:scl* *:scp* *:sg* *:sgc*

    		*:sge* *:sgi* *:sgI* *:sgl* *:sgn* *:sgp* *:sgr* *:sI* *:si*

    		*:sic* *:sIc* *:sie* *:sIe* *:sIg* *:sIl* *:sin* *:sIn* *:sIp*

    		*:sip* *:sIr* *:sir* *:sr* *:src* *:srg* *:sri* *:srI* *:srl*

    		*:srn* *:srp*
    2-letter and 3-letter :substitute commands

         List of :substitute commands
         |      c    e    g    i    I    n    p    l    r
         | c  :sc  :sce :scg :sci :scI :scn :scp :scl  ---
         | e
         | g  :sgc :sge :sg  :sgi :sgI :sgn :sgp :sgl :sgr
         | i  :sic :sie  --- :si  :siI :sin :sip  --- :sir
         | I  :sIc :sIe :sIg :sIi :sI  :sIn :sIp :sIl :sIr
         | n
         | p
         | l
         | r  :src  --- :srg :sri :srI :srn :srp :srl :sr

    Exceptions:
         :scr  is  `:scriptnames`
         :se   is  `:set`
         :sig  is  `:sign`
         :sil  is  `:silent`
         :sn   is  `:snext`
         :sp   is  `:split`
         :sl   is  `:sleep`
         :sre  is  `:srewind`

    Substitute with an expression			*sub-replace-expression*

    						*sub-replace-\=* *s/\=*
    When the substitute string starts with "\=" the remainder is interpreted as an
    expression.  This does not work recursively: a |substitute()| function inside
    the expression cannot use "\=" for the substitute string.

    The special meaning for characters as mentioned at |sub-replace-special| does
    not apply except for "<CR>".  A <NL> character is used as a line break, you
    can get one with a double-quote string: "\n".  Prepend a backslash to get a
    real <NL> character (which will be a NUL in the file).

    The "\=" notation can also be used inside the third argument {sub} of
    |substitute()| function.  In this case, the special meaning for characters as
    mentioned at |sub-replace-special| does not apply at all. Especially, <CR> and
    <NL> are interpreted not as a line break but as a carriage-return and a
    new-line respectively.

    When the result is a |List| then the items are joined with separating line
    breaks.  Thus each item becomes a line, except that they can contain line
    breaks themselves.

    The whole matched text can be accessed with "submatch(0)".  The text matched
    with the first pair of () with "submatch(1)".  Likewise for further
    sub-matches in ().

    Be careful: The separation character must not appear in the expression!
    Consider using a character like "@" or ":".  There is no problem if the result
    of the expression contains the separation character.

    Examples:
    	:s@\n@\="\r" . expand("$HOME") . "\r"@
    This replaces an end-of-line with a new line containing the value of $HOME.

    	s/E/\="\<Char-0x20ac>"/g
    This replaces each 'E' character with a euro sign.  Read more in |<Char->|.

    4.3 Search and replace					*search-replace*

    							*:pro* *:promptfind*
    :promptf[ind] [string]
    			Put up a Search dialog.  When [string] is given, it is
    			used as the initial search string.
    			{only for Win32, Motif and GTK GUI}

    						*:promptr* *:promptrepl*
    :promptr[epl] [string]
    			Put up a Search/Replace dialog.  When [string] is
    			given, it is used as the initial search string.
    			{only for Win32, Motif and GTK GUI}

    4.4 Changing tabs					*change-tabs*

    							*:ret* *:retab* *:retab!*
    :[range]ret[ab][!] [new_tabstop]
    			Replace all sequences of white-space containing a
    			<Tab> with new strings of white-space using the new
    			tabstop value given.  If you do not specify a new
    			tabstop size or it is zero, Vim uses the current value
    			of 'tabstop'.
    			The current value of 'tabstop' is always used to
    			compute the width of existing tabs.
    			With !, Vim also replaces strings of only normal
    			spaces with tabs where appropriate.
    			With 'expandtab' on, Vim replaces all tabs with the
    			appropriate number of spaces.
    			This command sets 'tabstop' to the new value given,
    			and if performed on the whole file, which is default,
    			should not make any visible change.
    			Careful: This command modifies any <Tab> characters
    			inside of strings in a C program.  Use "\t" to avoid
    			this (that's a good habit anyway).
    			`:retab!` may also change a sequence of spaces by
    			<Tab> characters, which can mess up a printf().
    			{not in Vi}

    							*retab-example*
    Example for using autocommands and ":retab" to edit a file which is stored
    with tabstops at 8 but edited with tabstops set at 4.  Warning: white space
    inside of strings can change!  Also see 'softtabstop' option.

      :auto BufReadPost	*.xx	retab! 4
      :auto BufWritePre	*.xx	retab! 8
      :auto BufWritePost	*.xx	retab! 4
      :auto BufNewFile	*.xx	set ts=4

    ==============================================================================

    5. Copying and moving text				*copy-move*

    							*quote*
    "{a-zA-Z0-9.%#:-"}	Use register {a-zA-Z0-9.%#:-"} for next delete, yank
    			or put (use uppercase character to append with
    			delete and yank) ({.%#:} only work with put).

    							*:reg* *:registers*
    :reg[isters]		Display the contents of all numbered and named
    			registers.  If a register is written to for |:redir|
    			it will not be listed.
    			{not in Vi}

    :reg[isters] {arg}	Display the contents of the numbered and named
    			registers that are mentioned in {arg}.  For example:
    				:reg 1a
     			to display registers '1' and 'a'.  Spaces are allowed
    			in {arg}.  {not in Vi}

    							*:di* *:display*
    :di[splay] [arg]	Same as :registers.  {not in Vi}

    							*y* *yank*
    ["x]y{motion}		Yank {motion} text [into register x].  When no
    			characters are to be yanked (e.g., "y0" in column 1),
    			this is an error when 'cpoptions' includes the 'E'
    			flag.

    							*yy*
    ["x]yy			Yank [count] lines [into register x] |linewise|.

    							*Y*
    ["x]Y			yank [count] lines [into register x] (synonym for
    			yy, |linewise|).  If you like "Y" to work from the
    			cursor to the end of line (which is more logical,
    			but not Vi-compatible) use ":map Y y$".

    							*v_y*
    {Visual}["x]y		Yank the highlighted text [into register x] (for
    			{Visual} see |Visual-mode|).  {not in Vi}

    							*v_Y*
    {Visual}["x]Y		Yank the highlighted lines [into register x] (for
    			{Visual} see |Visual-mode|).  {not in Vi}

    							*:y* *:yank* *E850*
    :[range]y[ank] [x]	Yank [range] lines [into register x]. Yanking to the
    			"* or "+ registers is possible only when the
    			|+clipboard| feature is included.

    :[range]y[ank] [x] {count}
    			Yank {count} lines, starting with last line number
    			in [range] (default: current line |cmdline-ranges|),
    			[into register x].

    							*p* *put* *E353*
    ["x]p			Put the text [from register x] after the cursor
    			[count] times.  {Vi: no count}

    							*P*
    ["x]P			Put the text [from register x] before the cursor
    			[count] times.  {Vi: no count}

    							*<MiddleMouse>*
    ["x]<MiddleMouse>	Put the text from a register before the cursor [count]
    			times.  Uses the "* register, unless another is
    			specified.
    			Leaves the cursor at the end of the new text.
    			Using the mouse only works when 'mouse' contains 'n'
    			or 'a'.
    			{not in Vi}
    			If you have a scrollwheel and often accidentally paste
    			text, you can use these mappings to disable the
    			pasting with the middle mouse button:
    				:map <MiddleMouse> <Nop>
    				:imap <MiddleMouse> <Nop>
     			You might want to disable the multi-click versions
    			too, see |double-click|.

    							*gp*
    ["x]gp			Just like "p", but leave the cursor just after the new
    			text.  {not in Vi}

    							*gP*
    ["x]gP			Just like "P", but leave the cursor just after the new
    			text.  {not in Vi}

    							*:pu* *:put*
    :[line]pu[t] [x]	Put the text [from register x] after [line] (default
    			current line).  This always works |linewise|, thus
    			this command can be used to put a yanked block as new
    			lines.
    			If no register is specified, it depends on the 'cb'
    			option: If 'cb' contains "unnamedplus", paste from the
    			+ register |quoteplus|.  Otherwise, if 'cb' contains
    			"unnamed", paste from the * register |quotestar|.
    			Otherwise, paste from the unnamed register
    			|quote_quote|.
    			The register can also be '=' followed by an optional
    			expression.  The expression continues until the end of
    			the command.  You need to escape the '|' and '"''
    			characters to prevent them from terminating the
    			command.  Example:
    				:put ='path' . \",/test\"
     			If there is no expression after '=', Vim uses the
    			previous expression.  You can see it with ":dis =".

    :[line]pu[t]! [x]	Put the text [from register x] before [line] (default
    			current line).

    ["x]]p		    or					*]p* *]<MiddleMouse>*
    ["x]]<MiddleMouse>	Like "p", but adjust the indent to the current line.
    			Using the mouse only works when 'mouse' contains 'n'
    			or 'a'.  {not in Vi}

    ["x][P		    or					*[P*

    ["x]]P		    or					*]P*

    ["x][p		    or					*[p* *[<MiddleMouse>*
    ["x][<MiddleMouse>	Like "P", but adjust the indent to the current line.
    			Using the mouse only works when 'mouse' contains 'n'
    			or 'a'.  {not in Vi}

    You can use these commands to copy text from one place to another.  Do this
    by first getting the text into a register with a yank, delete or change
    command, then inserting the register contents with a put command.  You can
    also use these commands to move text from one file to another, because Vim
    preserves all registers when changing buffers (the CTRL-^ command is a quick
    way to toggle between two files).

    				*linewise-register* *characterwise-register*
    You can repeat the put commands with "." (except for :put) and undo them.  If
    the command that was used to get the text into the register was |linewise|,
    Vim inserts the text below ("p") or above ("P") the line where the cursor is.
    Otherwise Vim inserts the text after ("p") or before ("P") the cursor.  With
    the ":put" command, Vim always inserts the text in the next line.  You can
    exchange two characters with the command sequence "xp".  You can exchange two
    lines with the command sequence "ddp".  You can exchange two words with the
    command sequence "deep" (start with the cursor in the blank space before the
    first word).  You can use the "']" or "`]" command after the put command to
    move the cursor to the end of the inserted text, or use "'[" or "`[" to move
    the cursor to the start.

    						*put-Visual-mode* *v_p* *v_P*
    When using a put command like |p| or |P| in Visual mode, Vim will try to
    replace the selected text with the contents of the register.  Whether this
    works well depends on the type of selection and the type of the text in the
    register.  With blockwise selection it also depends on the size of the block
    and whether the corners are on an existing character.  (Implementation detail:
    it actually works by first putting the register after the selection and then
    deleting the selection.)
    The previously selected text is put in the unnamed register.  If you want to
    put the same text into a Visual selection several times you need to use
    another register.  E.g., yank the text to copy, Visually select the text to
    replace and use "0p .  You can repeat this as many times as you like, the
    unnamed register will be changed each time.

    When you use a blockwise Visual mode command and yank only a single line into
    a register, a paste on a visual selected area will paste that single line on
    each of the selected lines (thus replacing the blockwise selected region by a
    block of the pasted line).

    							*blockwise-register*
    If you use a blockwise Visual mode command to get the text into the register,
    the block of text will be inserted before ("P") or after ("p") the cursor
    column in the current and next lines.  Vim makes the whole block of text start
    in the same column.  Thus the inserted text looks the same as when it was
    yanked or deleted.  Vim may replace some <Tab> characters with spaces to make
    this happen.  However, if the width of the block is not a multiple of a <Tab>
    width and the text after the inserted block contains <Tab>s, that text may be
    misaligned.

    Note that after a characterwise yank command, Vim leaves the cursor on the
    first yanked character that is closest to the start of the buffer.  This means
    that "yl" doesn't move the cursor, but "yh" moves the cursor one character
    left.
    Rationale:	In Vi the "y" command followed by a backwards motion would
    		sometimes not move the cursor to the first yanked character,
    		because redisplaying was skipped.  In Vim it always moves to
    		the first character, as specified by Posix.
    With a linewise yank command the cursor is put in the first line, but the
    column is unmodified, thus it may not be on the first yanked character.

    There are ten types of registers:			*registers* *E354*
    1. The unnamed register ""
    2. 10 numbered registers "0 to "9
    3. The small delete register "-
    4. 26 named registers "a to "z or "A to "Z
    5. three read-only registers ":, "., "%
    6. alternate buffer register "#
    7. the expression register "=
    8. The selection and drop registers "*, "+ and "~
    9. The black hole register "_
    10. Last search pattern register "/

    1. Unnamed register ""				*quote_quote* *quotequote*
    Vim fills this register with text deleted with the "d", "c", "s", "x" commands
    or copied with the yank "y" command, regardless of whether or not a specific
    register was used (e.g.  "xdd).  This is like the unnamed register is pointing
    to the last used register.  Thus when appending using an uppercase register
    name, the unnamed register contains the same text as the named register.
    An exception is the '_' register: "_dd does not store the deleted text in any
    register.
    Vim uses the contents of the unnamed register for any put command (p or P)
    which does not specify a register.  Additionally you can access it with the
    name '"''.  This means you have to type two double quotes.  Writing to the ""
    register writes to register "0.
    {Vi: register contents are lost when changing files, no '"''}

    2. Numbered registers "0 to "9		*quote_number* *quote0* *quote1*

    					*quote2* *quote3* *quote4* *quote9*
    Vim fills these registers with text from yank and delete commands.
       Numbered register 0 contains the text from the most recent yank command,
    unless the command specified another register with ["x].
       Numbered register 1 contains the text deleted by the most recent delete or
    change command, unless the command specified another register or the text is
    less than one line (the small delete register is used then).  An exception is
    made for the delete operator with these movement commands: |%|, |(|, |)|, |`|,
    |/|, |?|, |n|, |N|, |{| and |}|.  Register "1 is always used then (this is Vi
    compatible).  The "- register is used as well if the delete is within a line.
    Note that these characters may be mapped.  E.g. |%| is mapped by the matchit
    plugin.
       With each successive deletion or change, Vim shifts the previous contents
    of register 1 into register 2, 2 into 3, and so forth, losing the previous
    contents of register 9.
    {Vi: numbered register contents are lost when changing files; register 0 does
    not exist}

    3. Small delete register "-				*quote_-* *quote-*
    This register contains text from commands that delete less than one line,
    except when the command specifies a register with ["x].
    {not in Vi}

    4. Named registers "a to "z or "A to "Z			*quote_alpha* *quotea*
    Vim fills these registers only when you say so.  Specify them as lowercase
    letters to replace their previous contents or as uppercase letters to append
    to their previous contents.  When the '>' flag is present in 'cpoptions' then
    a line break is inserted before the appended text.

    5. Read-only registers ":, ". and "%
    These are '%', '#', ':' and '.'.  You can use them only with the "p", "P",
    and ":put" commands and with CTRL-R.  {not in Vi}

    						*quote_.* *quote.* *E29*
    	".	Contains the last inserted text (the same as what is inserted
    		with the insert mode commands CTRL-A and CTRL-@).  Note: this
    		doesn't work with CTRL-R on the command-line.  It works a bit
    		differently, like inserting the text instead of putting it
    		('textwidth' and other options affect what is inserted).

    							*quote_%* *quote%*
    	"%	Contains the name of the current file.

    						*quote_:* *quote:* *E30*
    	":	Contains the most recent executed command-line.  Example: Use
    		"@:" to repeat the previous command-line command.
    		The command-line is only stored in this register when at least
    		one character of it was typed.  Thus it remains unchanged if
    		the command was completely from a mapping.
    		{not available when compiled without the |+cmdline_hist|
    		feature}

    							*quote_#* *quote#*
    6. Alternate file register "#
    Contains the name of the alternate file for the current window.  It will
    change how the |CTRL-^| command works.
    This register is writable, mainly to allow for restoring it after a plugin has
    changed it.  It accepts buffer number:
        let altbuf = bufnr(@#)
        ...
        let @# = altbuf
    It will give error |E86| if you pass buffer number and this buffer does not
    exist.
    It can also accept a match with an existing buffer name:
        let @# = 'buffer_name'
    Error |E93| if there is more than one buffer matching the given name or |E94|
    if none of buffers matches the given name.

    7. Expression register "=			*quote_=* *quote=* *@=*
    This is not really a register that stores text, but is a way to use an
    expression in commands which use a register.  The expression register is
    read-write.

    When typing the '=' after " or CTRL-R the cursor moves to the command-line,
    where you can enter any expression (see |expression|).  All normal
    command-line editing commands are available, including a special history for
    expressions.  When you end the command-line by typing <CR>, Vim computes the
    result of the expression.  If you end it with <Esc>, Vim abandons the
    expression.  If you do not enter an expression, Vim uses the previous
    expression (like with the "/" command).

    The expression must evaluate to a String.  A Number is always automatically
    converted to a String.  For the "p" and ":put" command, if the result is a
    Float it's converted into a String.  If the result is a List each element is
    turned into a String and used as a line.  A Dictionary or FuncRef results in
    an error message (use string() to convert).

    If the "= register is used for the "p" command, the String is split up at <NL>
    characters.  If the String ends in a <NL>, it is regarded as a linewise
    register.  {not in Vi}

    8. Selection and drop registers "*, "+ and "~
    Use these registers for storing and retrieving the selected text for the GUI.
    See |quotestar| and |quoteplus|.  When the clipboard is not available or not
    working, the unnamed register is used instead.  For Unix systems the clipboard
    is only available when the |+xterm_clipboard| feature is present.  {not in Vi}

    Note that there is only a distinction between "* and "+ for X11 systems.  For
    an explanation of the difference, see |x11-selection|.  Under MS-Windows, use
    of "* and "+ is actually synonymous and refers to the |gui-clipboard|.

    						*quote_~* *quote~* *<Drop>*
    The read-only "~ register stores the dropped text from the last drag'n'drop
    operation.  When something has been dropped onto Vim, the "~ register is
    filled in and the <Drop> pseudo key is sent for notification.  You can remap
    this key if you want; the default action (for all modes) is to insert the
    contents of the "~ register at the cursor position.  {not in Vi}
    {only available when compiled with the |+dnd| feature, currently only with the
    GTK GUI}

    Note: The "~ register is only used when dropping plain text onto Vim.
    Drag'n'drop of URI lists is handled internally.

    9. Black hole register "_				*quote_*
    When writing to this register, nothing happens.  This can be used to delete
    text without affecting the normal registers.  When reading from this register,
    nothing is returned.  {not in Vi}

    10. Last search pattern register	"/			*quote_/* *quote/*
    Contains the most recent search-pattern.  This is used for "n" and 'hlsearch'.
    It is writable with `:let`, you can change it to have 'hlsearch' highlight
    other matches without actually searching.  You can't yank or delete into this
    register.  The search direction is available in |v:searchforward|.
    Note that the value is restored when returning from a function
    |function-search-undo|.
    {not in Vi}

    							*@/*
    You can write to a register with a `:let` command |:let-@|.  Example:
    	:let @/ = "the"

    If you use a put command without specifying a register, Vim uses the register
    that was last filled (this is also the contents of the unnamed register).  If
    you are confused, use the `:dis` command to find out what Vim will put (this
    command displays all named and numbered registers; the unnamed register is
    labelled '"'').

    The next three commands always work on whole lines.

    :[range]co[py] {address}				*:co* *:copy*
    			Copy the lines given by [range] to below the line
    			given by {address}.

    							*:t*
    :t			Synonym for copy.

    :[range]m[ove] {address}			*:m* *:mo* *:move* *E134*
    			Move the lines given by [range] to below the line
    			given by {address}.

    ==============================================================================

    6. Formatting text					*formatting*

    :[range]ce[nter] [width]				*:ce* *:center*
    			Center lines in [range] between [width] columns
    			(default 'textwidth' or 80 when 'textwidth' is 0).
    			{not in Vi}

    :[range]ri[ght] [width]					*:ri* *:right*
    			Right-align lines in [range] at [width] columns
    			(default 'textwidth' or 80 when 'textwidth' is 0).
    			{not in Vi}

    							*:le* *:left*
    :[range]le[ft] [indent]
    			Left-align lines in [range].  Sets the indent in the
    			lines to [indent] (default 0).  {not in Vi}

    							*gq*
    gq{motion}		Format the lines that {motion} moves over.
    			Formatting is done with one of three methods:
    			1. If 'formatexpr' is not empty the expression is
    			   evaluated.  This can differ for each buffer.
    			2. If 'formatprg' is not empty an external program
    			   is used.
    			3. Otherwise formatting is done internally.

    			In the third case the 'textwidth' option controls the
    			length of each formatted line (see below).
    			If the 'textwidth' option is 0, the formatted line
    			length is the screen width (with a maximum width of
    			79).
    			The 'formatoptions' option controls the type of
    			formatting |fo-table|.
    			The cursor is left on the first non-blank of the last
    			formatted line.
    			NOTE: The "Q" command formerly performed this
    			function.  If you still want to use "Q" for
    			formatting, use this mapping:
    				:nnoremap Q gq

    gqgq							*gqgq* *gqq*
    gqq			Format the current line.  With a count format that
    			many lines.  {not in Vi}

    							*v_gq*
    {Visual}gq		Format the highlighted text.  (for {Visual} see
    			|Visual-mode|).  {not in Vi}

    							*gw*
    gw{motion}		Format the lines that {motion} moves over.  Similar to
    			|gq| but puts the cursor back at the same position in
    			the text.  However, 'formatprg' and 'formatexpr' are
    			not used.  {not in Vi}

    gwgw							*gwgw* *gww*
    gww			Format the current line as with "gw".  {not in Vi}

    							*v_gw*
    {Visual}gw		Format the highlighted text as with "gw".  (for
    			{Visual} see |Visual-mode|).  {not in Vi}

    Example: To format the current paragraph use:			*gqap*
    	gqap

    The "gq" command leaves the cursor in the line where the motion command takes
    the cursor.  This allows you to repeat formatting repeated with ".".  This
    works well with "gqj" (format current and next line) and "gq}" (format until
    end of paragraph).  Note: When 'formatprg' is set, "gq" leaves the cursor on
    the first formatted line (as with using a filter command).

    If you want to format the current paragraph and continue where you were, use:
    	gwap
    If you always want to keep paragraphs formatted you may want to add the 'a'
    flag to 'formatoptions'.  See |auto-format|.

    If the 'autoindent' option is on, Vim uses the indent of the first line for
    the following lines.

    Formatting does not change empty lines (but it does change lines with only
    white space!).

    The 'joinspaces' option is used when lines are joined together.

    You can set the 'formatexpr' option to an expression or the 'formatprg' option
    to the name of an external program for Vim to use for text formatting.  The
    'textwidth' and other options have no effect on formatting by an external
    program.

    							*right-justify*
    There is no command in Vim to right justify text.  You can do it with
    an external command, like "par" (e.g.: "!}par" to format until the end of the
    paragraph) or set 'formatprg' to "par".

    							*format-comments*
    An overview of comment formatting is in section |30.6| of the user manual.

    Vim can automatically insert and format comments in a special way.  Vim
    recognizes a comment by a specific string at the start of the line (ignoring
    white space).  Three types of comments can be used:

    - A comment string that repeats at the start of each line.  An example is the
      type of comment used in shell scripts, starting with "#".
    - A comment string that occurs only in the first line, not in the following
      lines.  An example is this list with dashes.
    - Three-piece comments that have a start string, an end string, and optional
      lines in between.  The strings for the start, middle and end are different.
      An example is the C style comment:
    	/*
    	 * this is a C comment
    	 */

    The 'comments' option is a comma-separated list of parts.  Each part defines a
    type of comment string.  A part consists of:
    	{flags}:{string}

    {string} is the literal text that must appear.

    {flags}:
      n	Nested comment.  Nesting with mixed parts is allowed.  If 'comments'
    	is "n:),n:>" a line starting with "> ) >" is a comment.

      b	Blank (<Space>, <Tab> or <EOL>) required after {string}.

      f	Only the first line has the comment string.  Do not repeat comment on
    	the next line, but preserve indentation (e.g., a bullet-list).

      s	Start of three-piece comment

      m	Middle of a three-piece comment

      e	End of a three-piece comment

      l	Left align. Used together with 's' or 'e', the leftmost character of
    	start or end will line up with the leftmost character from the middle.
    	This is the default and can be omitted. See below for more details.

      r	Right align. Same as above but rightmost instead of leftmost. See
    	below for more details.

      O	Don't consider this comment for the "O" command.

      x	Allows three-piece comments to be ended by just typing the last
    	character of the end-comment string as the first action on a new
    	line when the middle-comment string has been inserted automatically.
    	See below for more details.

      {digits}
    	When together with 's' or 'e': add {digit} amount of offset to an
    	automatically inserted middle or end comment leader. The offset begins
    	from a left alignment. See below for more details.

      -{digits}
    	Like {digits} but reduce the indent.  This only works when there is
    	some indent for the start or end part that can be removed.

    When a string has none of the 'f', 's', 'm' or 'e' flags, Vim assumes the
    comment string repeats at the start of each line.  The flags field may be
    empty.

    Any blank space in the text before and after the {string} is part of the
    {string}, so do not include leading or trailing blanks unless the blanks are a
    required part of the comment string.

    When one comment leader is part of another, specify the part after the whole.
    For example, to include both "-" and "->", use
    	:set comments=f:->,f:-

    A three-piece comment must always be given as start,middle,end, with no other
    parts in between.  An example of a three-piece comment is
    	sr:/*,mb:*,ex:*/
    for C-comments.  To avoid recognizing "*ptr" as a comment, the middle string
    includes the 'b' flag.  For three-piece comments, Vim checks the text after
    the start and middle strings for the end string.  If Vim finds the end string,
    the comment does not continue on the next line.  Three-piece comments must
    have a middle string because otherwise Vim can't recognize the middle lines.

    Notice the use of the "x" flag in the above three-piece comment definition.
    When you hit Return in a C-comment, Vim will insert the middle comment leader
    for the new line: " * ".  To close this comment you just have to type "/"
    before typing anything else on the new line.  This will replace the
    middle-comment leader with the end-comment leader and apply any specified
    alignment, leaving just " */".  There is no need to hit Backspace first.

    When there is a match with a middle part, but there also is a matching end
    part which is longer, the end part is used.  This makes a C style comment work
    without requiring the middle part to end with a space.

    Here is an example of alignment flags at work to make a comment stand out
    (kind of looks like a 1 too). Consider comment string:
    	:set comments=sr:/***,m:**,ex-2:******/

                                       /***
                                         **<--right aligned from "r" flag
                                         **
    offset 2 spaces for the "-2" flag--->**
                                       ******/
    In this case, the first comment was typed, then return was pressed 4 times,
    then "/" was pressed to end the comment.

    Here are some finer points of three part comments. There are three times when
    alignment and offset flags are taken into consideration: opening a new line
    after a start-comment, opening a new line before an end-comment, and
    automatically ending a three-piece comment.  The end alignment flag has a
    backwards perspective; the result is that the same alignment flag used with
    "s" and "e" will result in the same indent for the starting and ending pieces.
    Only one alignment per comment part is meant to be used, but an offset number
    will override the "r" and "l" flag.

    Enabling 'cindent' will override the alignment flags in many cases.
    Reindenting using a different method like |gq| or |=| will not consult
    alignment flags either. The same behaviour can be defined in those other
    formatting options. One consideration is that 'cindent' has additional options
    for context based indenting of comments but cannot replicate many three piece
    indent alignments.  However, 'indentexpr' has the ability to work better with
    three piece comments.

    Other examples:
       "b:*"	Includes lines starting with "*", but not if the "*" is
    		followed by a non-blank.  This avoids a pointer dereference
    		like "*str" to be recognized as a comment.
       "n:>"	Includes a line starting with ">", ">>", ">>>", etc.
       "fb:-"	Format a list that starts with "- ".

    By default, "b:#" is included.  This means that a line that starts with
    "#include" is not recognized as a comment line.  But a line that starts with
    "# define" is recognized.  This is a compromise.

    {not available when compiled without the |+comments| feature}

    							*fo-table*
    You can use the 'formatoptions' option  to influence how Vim formats text.
    'formatoptions' is a string that can contain any of the letters below.  The
    default setting is "tcq".  You can separate the option letters with commas for
    readability.

    letter	 meaning when present in 'formatoptions'

    t	Auto-wrap text using textwidth
    c	Auto-wrap comments using textwidth, inserting the current comment
    	leader automatically.
    r	Automatically insert the current comment leader after hitting
    	<Enter> in Insert mode.
    o	Automatically insert the current comment leader after hitting 'o' or
    	'O' in Normal mode.
    q	Allow formatting of comments with "gq".
    	Note that formatting will not change blank lines or lines containing
    	only the comment leader.  A new paragraph starts after such a line,
    	or when the comment leader changes.
    w	Trailing white space indicates a paragraph continues in the next line.
    	A line that ends in a non-white character ends a paragraph.
    a	Automatic formatting of paragraphs.  Every time text is inserted or
    	deleted the paragraph will be reformatted.  See |auto-format|.
    	When the 'c' flag is present this only happens for recognized
    	comments.
    n	When formatting text, recognize numbered lists.  This actually uses
    	the 'formatlistpat' option, thus any kind of list can be used.  The
    	indent of the text after the number is used for the next line.  The
    	default is to find a number, optionally followed by '.', ':', ')',
    	']' or '}'.  Note that 'autoindent' must be set too.  Doesn't work
    	well together with "2".
    	Example:
    		1. the first item
    		   wraps
    		2. the second item
    2	When formatting text, use the indent of the second line of a paragraph
    	for the rest of the paragraph, instead of the indent of the first
    	line.  This supports paragraphs in which the first line has a
    	different indent than the rest.  Note that 'autoindent' must be set
    	too.  Example:
    			first line of a paragraph
    		second line of the same paragraph
    		third line.
     	This also works inside comments, ignoring the comment leader.
    v	Vi-compatible auto-wrapping in insert mode: Only break a line at a
    	blank that you have entered during the current insert command.  (Note:
    	this is not 100% Vi compatible.  Vi has some "unexpected features" or
    	bugs in this area.  It uses the screen column instead of the line
    	column.)
    b	Like 'v', but only auto-wrap if you enter a blank at or before
    	the wrap margin.  If the line was longer than 'textwidth' when you
    	started the insert, or you do not enter a blank in the insert before
    	reaching 'textwidth', Vim does not perform auto-wrapping.
    l	Long lines are not broken in insert mode: When a line was longer than
    	'textwidth' when the insert command started, Vim does not
    	automatically format it.
    m	Also break at a multi-byte character above 255.  This is useful for
    	Asian text where every character is a word on its own.
    M	When joining lines, don't insert a space before or after a multi-byte
    	character.  Overrules the 'B' flag.
    B	When joining lines, don't insert a space between two multi-byte
    	characters.  Overruled by the 'M' flag.
    1	Don't break a line after a one-letter word.  It's broken before it
    	instead (if possible).
    j	Where it makes sense, remove a comment leader when joining lines.  For
    	example, joining:
    		int i;   // the index
    		         // in the list
    	Becomes:
    		int i;   // the index in the list

    With 't' and 'c' you can specify when Vim performs auto-wrapping:
    value	action
    ""	no automatic formatting (you can use "gq" for manual formatting)
    "t"	automatic formatting of text, but not comments
    "c"	automatic formatting for comments, but not text (good for C code)
    "tc"	automatic formatting for text and comments

    Note that when 'textwidth' is 0, Vim does no automatic formatting anyway (but
    does insert comment leaders according to the 'comments' option).  An exception
    is when the 'a' flag is present. |auto-format|

    Note that when 'paste' is on, Vim does no formatting at all.

    Note that 'textwidth' can be non-zero even if Vim never performs auto-wrapping;
    'textwidth' is still useful for formatting with "gq".

    If the 'comments' option includes "/*", "*" and/or "*/", then Vim has some
    built in stuff to treat these types of comments a bit more cleverly.
    Opening a new line before or after "/*" or "*/" (with 'r' or 'o' present in
    'formatoptions') gives the correct start of the line automatically.  The same
    happens with formatting and auto-wrapping.  Opening a line after a line
    starting with "/*" or "*" and containing "*/", will cause no comment leader to
    be inserted, and the indent of the new line is taken from the line containing
    the start of the comment.
    E.g.:
        /*
         * Your typical comment.
         */
        The indent on this line is the same as the start of the above
        comment.

    All of this should be really cool, especially in conjunction with the new
    :autocmd command to prepare different settings for different types of file.

    Some examples:
      for C code (only format comments):
    	:set fo=croq
      for Mail/news	(format all, don't start comment with "o" command):
    	:set fo=tcrq

    Automatic formatting				*auto-format* *autoformat*

    When the 'a' flag is present in 'formatoptions' text is formatted
    automatically when inserting text or deleting text.  This works nice for
    editing text paragraphs.  A few hints on how to use this:

    - You need to properly define paragraphs.  The simplest is paragraphs that are
      separated by a blank line.  When there is no separating blank line, consider
      using the 'w' flag and adding a space at the end of each line in the
      paragraphs except the last one.

    - You can set the 'formatoptions' based on the type of file |filetype| or
      specifically for one file with a |modeline|.

    - Set 'formatoptions' to "aw2tq" to make text with indents like this:

    	    bla bla foobar bla
    	bla foobar bla foobar bla
    	    bla bla foobar bla
    	bla foobar bla bla foobar

    - Add the 'c' flag to only auto-format comments.  Useful in source code.

    - Set 'textwidth' to the desired width.  If it is zero then 79 is used, or the
      width of the screen if this is smaller.

    And a few warnings:

    - When part of the text is not properly separated in paragraphs, making
      changes in this text will cause it to be formatted anyway.  Consider doing

    	:set fo-=a

    - When using the 'w' flag (trailing space means paragraph continues) and
      deleting the last line of a paragraph with |dd|, the paragraph will be
      joined with the next one.

    - Changed text is saved for undo.  Formatting is also a change.  Thus each
      format action saves text for undo.  This may consume quite a lot of memory.

    - Formatting a long paragraph and/or with complicated indenting may be slow.

    ==============================================================================

    7. Sorting text						*sorting*

    Vim has a sorting function and a sorting command.  The sorting function can be
    found here: |sort()|, |uniq()|.

    							*:sor* *:sort*
    :[range]sor[t][!] [b][f][i][n][o][r][u][x] [/{pattern}/]
    			Sort lines in [range].  When no range is given all
    			lines are sorted.

    			With [!] the order is reversed.

    			With [i] case is ignored.

    			Options [n][f][x][o][b] are mutually exclusive.

    			With [n] sorting is done on the first decimal number
    			in the line (after or inside a {pattern} match).
    			One leading '-' is included in the number.

    			With [f] sorting is done on the Float in the line.
    			The value of Float is determined similar to passing
    			the text (after or inside a {pattern} match) to
    			str2float() function. This option is available only
    			if Vim was compiled with Floating point support.

    			With [x] sorting is done on the first hexadecimal
    			number in the line (after or inside a {pattern}
    			match).  A leading "0x" or "0X" is ignored.
    			One leading '-' is included in the number.

    			With [o] sorting is done on the first octal number in
    			the line (after or inside a {pattern} match).

    			With [b] sorting is done on the first binary number in
    			the line (after or inside a {pattern} match).

    			With [u] (u stands for unique) only keep the first of
    			a sequence of identical lines (ignoring case when [i]
    			is used).  Without this flag, a sequence of identical
    			lines will be kept in their original order.
    			Note that leading and trailing white space may cause
    			lines to be different.

    			When /{pattern}/ is specified and there is no [r] flag
    			the text matched with {pattern} is skipped, so that
    			you sort on what comes after the match.
    			Instead of the slash any non-letter can be used.
    			For example, to sort on the second comma-separated
    			field:
    				:sort /[^,]*,/
     			To sort on the text at virtual column 10 (thus
    			ignoring the difference between tabs and spaces):
    				:sort /.*\%10v/
     			To sort on the first number in the line, no matter
    			what is in front of it:
    				:sort /.\{-}\ze\d/
     			(Explanation: ".\{-}" matches any text, "\ze" sets the
    			end of the match and \d matches a digit.)
    			With [r] sorting is done on the matching {pattern}
    			instead of skipping past it as described above.
    			For example, to sort on only the first three letters
    			of each line:
    				:sort /\a\a\a/ r

     			If a {pattern} is used, any lines which don't have a
    			match for {pattern} are kept in their current order,
    			but separate from the lines which do match {pattern}.
    			If you sorted in reverse, they will be in reverse
    			order after the sorted lines, otherwise they will be
    			in their original order, right before the sorted
    			lines.

    			If {pattern} is empty (e.g. // is specified), the
    			last search pattern is used.  This allows trying out
    			a pattern first.

    Note that using `:sort` with `:global` doesn't sort the matching lines, it's
    quite useless.

    The details about sorting depend on the library function used.  There is no
    guarantee that sorting obeys the current locale.  You will have to try it out.
    Vim does do a "stable" sort.

    The sorting can be interrupted, but if you interrupt it too late in the
    process you may end up with duplicated lines.  This also depends on the system
    library function used.

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